The Loanable funds theory Hypotheses: Individuals care only about real variables (output gains or losses, purchasing-power gains or losses). The marginal productivity of capital assets (MPK) is given and determined by the technical characteristics of the productive assets. It represents the gain, in terms of output, obtained by increasing the capacity of production by one additional capital ass...

An increasing amount of users' sensitive information is now being collected for analytics purposes. Differential privacy has been widely studied in the literature to protect information. The parameter bounds about data set leaked by noisy output. Oftentimes, a needs be used answering multiple queries, so level protection may degrade as more queries are answered. Thus, it crucial keep track budg...

A large panel of German municipalities is employed in order to investigate the dynamic fiscal policy adjustment of local jurisdictions using a VEC model which explicitly takes account of the intertemporal budget constraint. The results confirm the central role of expenditure adjustment, nevertheless a substantial part of adjustment is due to changes in intergovernmental transfers, in particular...

We consider the optimal control problem of certain batch service queueing systems with compound Poisson arrivals and linear holding costs. The control problem involves the determination of the epochs at which the service is initiated as well as the sizes of the batches served. The service times are assumed to be independent and identically distributed, however, with a general distribution. A qu...

This paper derives a population sizing relationship for genetic programming (GP). Following the population-sizing derivation for genetic algorithms in Goldberg, Deb, and Clark (1992), it considers building block decision making as a key facet. The analysis yields a GP-unique relationship because it has to account for bloat and for the fact that GP solutions often use subsolutions multiple times...

Background: The construction of metro lines is a high-risk project. Using a budget-based model for the safety units of metro construction projects can help safety managers to spend optimal budget allocation. The purpose of this study was to plan a budget model based on safety unit performance in an under construction metro station for better budget allocation using robust optimization. Methods...

viewpoints related to busines cycles fluctutions and their use in economic anticipation process have drawn the attention of various intellectual spectrum and economic schools. this has, in turn, caused the formation of a modern scientific area known as future study. according to the major aims of this field of this field of knowledge, business cycles future changes and the variables affecting t...