in this work a rapid and selective procedure for separation and preconcentration of lead(pb2+) before determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (etaas) wasdeveloped. the procedure is based on the electrodeposition on a graphite probe modified withpalladium. the lead was deposited from acetate buffer solution at ph 5.5. various parameters,such as ph of solutions, deposition ...

We propose a grid-graph algorithm for interconnect routing and buffer insertion in nanometer VLSI layout designs. The algorithm is designed to handle multiconstraint optimizations, namely timing performance and power dissipation. The proposed algorithm is called HRTB-LA, which stands for hybrid routing tree and buffer insertion with look-ahead. In recent VLSI designs, interconnect delay has bec...

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors are used extensively in ultra-sensitive biomolecule sensing applications. Along with high sensitivity, the possibility of regeneration is highly desired in bio-sensors. An important constituent of such bio-sensing systems is the buffer used to maintain pH and provide an ionic conducting medium, among its other properties. In this work, we demonstrate hig...

We investigate a fluid buffer which is modulated by a stochastic background process, while the momentary behavior of the background process depends on the current buffer level in a continuous way. Loosely speaking the feedback is such that the background process behaves `as a continuous-time Markov chain' with generator Q(y) at times when the buffer level is y, where the entries of Q(y) are con...