Why do some new political parties take root after rising to electoral prominence, while others collapse after their initial success? Although strong parties are critical for stable, high-quality democracy, relatively little is known about the conditions under which strong parties emerge. The classic literature on party-system development is largely based on studies of the United States and West...

Abstract Seismic evaluation of existing structures is based on determining the damage likely to occur during lifetime these due earthquake ground motion excitation. However, there not a consensus about acceptable level seismic damage, expected structures, and hazard level(s) evaluate at. This paper presents methodology for parametric calculation collapse risk an Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame b...

The collapse of building has been an issue great concern to all and sundry in Nigeria yet these buildings are major contributors the development any nation. Therefore, when a collapses, it fails render functions which should perform people government. A is regarded as collapsed if whole structure or part thereof fallen down therefore cannot serve purpose for was intended. When generates deep em...

recently, two of the authors have introduced the collapse capacity spectrummethodology, which allows the assessment of the collapse capacity of highly inelastic p-deltasensitive regular frame structures without performing non-linear time-history analyses. the mainingredient of this method is the collapse capacity spectrum, which represents the seismic collapsecapacity of an inelastic non-deteri...

Of the many horrors of September 11, 2001, the sight of people falling and jumping to their deaths from the Towers of the World Trade Center will not be soon forgotten by anyone watching. The sight brutally expressed the desperation of those trapped above the raging fires, unable or unwilling to descend through the wounded structures. Even in light of the eventual collapse of the structures, th...

We present results of a detailed and fully non-linear numerical and analytical investigation of magnetic field evolution from the very earliest cosmic epochs to the present. We find that, under reasonable assumptions concerning the efficiency of a putative magnetogenesis era during cosmic phase transitions, surprisingly strong magnetic fields 10−10 G, on comparatively small scales 100 pc – 10 k...

Plinian and subplinian volcanic eruptions can be accompanied by tephra falls which may last hours or days, posing threats to people, buildings and economic activity. Numerous historical examples exist of tephra damage and tephra casualties. The mechanisms and consequences of roof collapse from static tephra load are an important area of tephra damage requiring more research. This paper contribu...