Empress Dowager Cixi, birth mother of the Qing Dynasty Emperor Tongzhi, lived in the late 19 Century and the early 20 Century, and was the actual ruler of the Qing Dynasty from 1861 to 1908. Under her administration, her great support of Westernization during the earlier period promoted modernized revolution of Chinese society, whereas her objection to the political reform during the late perio...

Mummification salts and mummified bones were assayed for borate. In two samples of mummification salt one from Deir el-Bahari (26th Dynasty, 700Ð600 BC) and salt from the embalming material of Tutankhamen (18th Dynasty, 1370Ð1335 BC) 3.9 and 2.1 μMol borate/ gram were found, respectively. Six mummified bone fragments from the Old Kingdom contained up to 1.2 μMol/gram. It is suggested that borat...

nameh-ye_khosravan is a work of jalal al-din mirza, son of fath ali shah qajar, which was written during the reign of naser al-din shah qajar. in accordance to this era’s way of thinking, the illustrated manuscript of the nameh-ye khosravan is characteristically written in persian script, the arabic words and vocabularies are removed from it and the kings of the pre-islamic era of iran are illu...

In this paper, we are discussing the effect of the use of magnetic compasses on the orientation of ancient Chinese architectonical complexes. As Czech researchers proposed in 2011, assuming these complexes ideally oriented by the ancient architects along north-south direction, in the case that the surveys were made by means of magnetic compasses, we can find the axes of the complexes deviating ...

ABSTRACT An observation of a solar eclipse that occurred on October 13, 443 BC during the reign Duke Ligong Qin was recorded in Twenty-Four Histories (China’s dynastic histories from remote antiquity till Ming Dynasty). With modern astronomical planetary ephemeris, records were studied. The results showed probably around sunset Yongcheng, capital Qin, where time exactly between first contact st...

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis reveals the diets of different human populations in history. In this study, we performed stable isotope analysis on human skeletons from Joseon-period cemeteries discovered around Old Seoul City (Hansung). Our data clearly showed that Joseon individuals consumed more C3-based than C4-based foods as the main staples, and that the proteins they ate were...

the saudi historiography started by the rise of saudi dynasty in central arabia in 1744, when muhammad ibn saud, the tribal ruler of the town of ad-dir'iyyah near riyadh, and muhammad ibn abd-al-wahhab, the religious leader were united. several paradigm shave been used to form such historiography in different periods. firstly, the najdian and the baghdadian paradigms can be discussed from ...

the qajar era is of great importance in the socio-political history and in the history of architecture of tehran, because it was in this era that tehran became the capital of iran and turned into a big city, and then, because of its specific architecture, paved the way for some great changes in the architecture of iran. the qajar era is a period of contradiction in architectural values and atti...