Tissue degeneration is a hallmark for the aging of an organism. With the capabilities of self-renewal and differentiation, stem cells are largely responsible for tissue maintenance and regeneration. Therefore, stem cells must be directly involved in organismal aging. In fact, many types of adult stem cells have been reported to be associated with tissue degeneration in a variety of species incl...

One of the original hypotheses of organismal longevity posits that aging is the natural result of entropy on the cells, tissues, and organs of the animal--a slow, inexorable slide into nonfunctionality caused by stochastic degradation of its parts. We now have evidence that aging is instead at least in part genetically regulated. Many mutations have been discovered to extend lifespan in organis...

Preservation and regeneration of β cell endocrine function is a long-sought goal in diabetes research. Defective insulin secretion from β cells underlies both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, thus fueling considerable interest in molecules capable of rebuilding β cell secretion capacity. Though early work in rodents suggested that regeneration might be possible, recent studies have revealed that agi...

Frequently, low doses of toxins and other stressors not only are harmless but also activate an adaptive stress response that raise the resistance of the organism against high doses of the same agent. This phenomenon, which is known as "hormesis", is best represented by ischemic preconditioning, the situation in which short ischemic episodes protect the brain and the heart against prolonged shor...

Aging is responsible for changes in mammalian tissues that result in an imbalance to tissue homeostasis and a decline in the regeneration capacity of organs due to stem cell exhaustion. Autophagy is a constitutive pathway necessary to degrade damaged organelles and protein aggregates. Autophagy is one of the hallmarks of aging, which involves a decline in the number and functionality of stem ce...

The distinction between the effects of aging as a chronological process and diseases whose prevalence increase with advancing age remains blurred. Conditions once thought to be inevitable companions of old age are now known to in fact be pathological in origin and thus possibly treatable and preventable. One example is senile dementia, no longer the mysterious fate of the very old, but often a ...

key organelles of eukaryotic cells that are responsible for essential metabolic processes, generation of energy, cellular redox state and many other processes, are deeply involved in cellular homeostasis and influence overall cell/organism physiology. Defects in mitochondria can lead to a number of different disorders in mammals [1]. Changes in the functional state of mitochondria can induce ce...

In order to meet the increasing demands of battery in terms range, safety and performance, it is necessary ensure optimal operation conditions a lithium-ion cell. this thesis, influence mechanical boundary on cell investigated theoretically experimentally. First, fundamental equations are derived that lead coupled models can be parameterized based specific measurements predict pressure evolutio...

Apoptosis is involved in aging and age-related disease, with respect to aging, apoptosis acting in a cell typespecific manner. The rate of apoptosis is elevated inmost types of aging cell populations and organs. In stable cells and certain continuously dividing cells, apoptosis serves to eliminate presumably dysfunctional cells that show homeostatic failure due to oxidative stress, glycation, a...

For intelligent battery systems that are able to control the current flow for each individual cell, multilevel inverter is an interesting approach replace bidirectional AC/DC-converter and improve flexibility of charging system signal quality in both directions. Therefore, cells modulated by switching varying duty cycle, frequency up kHz-range. This only beneficial if does not lead a significan...