Experiments have shown that punishment enhances socially beneficial cooperation but that the costs of punishment outweigh the gains from cooperation. This challenges evolutionary models of altruistic cooperation and punishment, which predict that punishment will be beneficial. We compared 10- and 50-period cooperation experiments. With the longer time horizon, punishment is unambiguously benefi...

Nearly half of U.S. parents use physical punishment for child discipline. Although some studies relate physical punishment and later dysfunction, others suggest that its effects depend on the context in which it is used. The authors analyzed data from the Commonwealth Fund Survey of Parents With Young Children, a national sample of 2,017 parents with children younger than 3. Parents reported th...

abstract The notion of invariant subspaces is useful in a number of theoretical and practical applications. In this paper we give an elementary treatment of invariant subspaces that stresses their connection with simple eigenvalues and their eigenvectors.

The renewal of the orientation punishment for children in conflict with law from a retributive justice approach to restorative is good start efforts restore victim-oriented situation by giving perpetrator opportunity express his regret victim concept diversion. However, not all cases are entitled In accordance Article 7 paragraph (2) SPPA Law, requirement diversion criminal act punishable impri...

Article 345 paragraph (1) and (2) in conjunction with 529 530 of the Election Law prohibits companies from printing ballots beyond prescribed amount is obliged to maintain confidentiality, security, integrity ballot papers. The type criminal provision form basic crime including imprisonment fine (cumulative). There are incomplete norms regarding fines given companies. This paper normative legal...

The Economics of Altruistic Punishment and the Demise of Cooperation Explaining the evolution and maintenance of cooperation among unrelated individuals is one of the fundamental problems in biology and the social sciences. Recent experimental evidence suggests that altruistic punishment is an important mechanism to maintain cooperation among humans. In this paper we explore the boundary condit...

Costly punishment of cheaters who contribute little or nothing to a cooperating group has been extensively studied, as an effective means to enforce cooperation. The prevailing view is that individuals use punishment to retaliate against transgressions of moral standards such as fairness or equity. However, there is much debate regarding the psychological underpinnings of costly punishment. Som...

It is a commonly held intuition that increasing punishment leads to less crime. Let's move our glance from the punishment for the crime itself to the punishment for the attempt to commit a crime, or to the punishment for the threat to carry it out. We'll argue that the greater the punishment for the attempt to rob, i.e. for the threat, “give me your money or else...”, the greater the number of ...