INTRODUCTION Depletion of cholinergic neurons within the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) is thought to contribute to the development of cognitive impairments in both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Lewy body disorders (LBD). It has been reported that, in late stage AD, a network of fibres that contain the neuropeptide galanin displays significant hypertrophy and 'hyperinnervates' the surviving ch...

The granule cells of the dentate gyrus (DG) are considered to be glutamatergic, but they contain glutamic acid decarboxylase, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and the vesicular GABA transporter mRNA. Their expression is regulated in an activity-dependent manner and coincides with the appearance of GABAergic transmission from the mossy fibers (MF) to pyramidal cells in area CA3. These data suppo...

BACKGROUND Gangliosides are enriched in the neuronal membranes. Gangliosides are shown to interact with amyloid-β proteins, leading to formation of amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Several earlier studies indicated that the alterations of ganglioside metabolism could contribute the pathogenesis of AD. METHODS Gangliosides were isolated from the frontal lobes in five patient...

Owing to progressive aging in the population, there is an increase patients with cognitive impairment. For prevention of dementia, use plant remedies relevant. Of particular interest Klasea centauroides (L.) Cass. (Serratula L., Asteraceae), which has significant natural reserves, contains a wide range biologically active substances, and used folk medicine treat nervous system diseases. This st...

–Stimulation of basal forebrain neurons elicits regional cerebral blood flow increases which are reportedly mediated by acetylcholine and nitric oxide. However, the modality of interaction between these two mediators remains unclear. Particularly, little is known about the source, i.e. endothelial, glial and/or neuronal, of the potent gaseous vasodilator nitric oxide. In the present study, we e...

Urotensin II (UII) is a cyclic neuropeptide with strong vasoconstrictive activity in the peripheral vasculature. UII receptor mRNA is also expressed in the CNS, in particular in cholinergic neurons located in the mesopontine tegmental area, including the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei. This distribution suggests that the UII system is involved in functions ...

During development of the nervous system, large numbers of neurons are overproduced and then eliminated by programmed cell death. Puma is a BH3-only protein that is reported to be involved in the initiation of developmental programmed cell death in rodent retinal neurons. The expression and cellular localization of Puma in retinal tissues during development are not, however, well known. Here th...

Mutations in the Neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3) gene are implicated autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, but cellular Nlgn3 expression enteric nervous system remains to be characterised. We combined RNAScope situ hybridization immunofluorescence measure mRNA cholinergic VIP-expressing submucosal neurons, nitrergic calretinin-containing myenteric neurons glial cells both W...