This study set out to explore the contexts in which preschool children use private speech, or self-talk, in the naturalistic setting of the preschool classroom, and age-related changes in the contexts in which preschoolers talk to themselves. A total of 2752 naturalistic observations of fourteen three-year-old and fourteen four-year-old children were conducted using a time-sampling procedure in...

The progress of multimedia and information technology has brought forth a lot of capabilities to realize advanced educational environment. Using a notebook computer with a portable LCD projector enables educators to introduce an interactive electronic chalkboard into a classroom. Along with technological advances, classroom technology has been studied to improve a conventional lecture style in ...

Today e-learning is blooming as a vital part of digital age education which facilitates a virtual environment for enhanced interaction & engagement between teachers and fellow learners and to engage them with resources for effective learning. Despite having significant potential, the Google classroom is still vastly underutilized especially in developing countries e.g. Bangladesh. This study is...

The "flipped classroom" is a learning model in which content attainment is shifted forward to outside of class, then followed by instructor-facilitated concept application activities in class. Current studies on the flipped model are limited. Our goal was to provide quantitative and controlled data about the effectiveness of this model. Using a quasi-experimental design, we compared an active n...

There has recently been growing interest in the area of gamification, the application of game elements to non-game contexts. This concept has been put to use in several different fields, one such field being education. What is good about game-informed learning is that when conditions are satisfied, learners can enhance their intrinsic motivation towards goal achievement. For the purpose of the ...

This study tested the idea of habits as a form of goal-directed automatic behavior. Expanding on the idea that habits are mentally represented as associations between goals and actions, it was proposed that goals are capable of activating the habitual action. More specific, when habits are established (e.g., frequent cycling to the university), the very activation of the goal to act (e.g., havi...

When parts of the states in a goal POMDP are fully observable and some actions are deterministic it is possible to take advantage of these properties to efficiently generate approximate solutions. Actions that deterministically affect the fully observable component of the world state can be abstracted away and combined into macro actions, permitting a planner to converge more quickly. This proc...