abstract climate variability empowers critical consequences on sustainability of soil and water resources. in this paper the trend of annual and seasonal time scale of temperature (minimum, maximum, average), relative humidity (minimum, maximum, average), precipitation, wind speed, extreme events, cloudiness, reference evapotranspiration employing mann-kendall and least square errors were studi...

Predicting the variation of biodiversity across the surface of the Earth is a fundamental issue in ecology, and in this article we focus on one of the most widely studied spatial biodiversity patterns: the species-area relationship (SAR). The SAR is a central tool in conservation, being used to predict species loss following global climate change, and is striking in its universality throughout ...

If habitat destruction or overexploitation of populations is severe, species loss can occur directly and abruptly. Yet the final descent to extinction is often driven by synergistic processes (amplifying feedbacks) that can be disconnected from the original cause of decline. We review recent observational, experimental and meta-analytic work which together show that owing to interacting and sel...

a Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal b Departamento de Matemática e Aplicações, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal c ATP-Group, CMAF, Instituto para a Investigação Interdisciplinar, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal d INESC-ID and Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Taguspark, 2744-016 Porto Salvo, Portugal e Centro de ...

S U M M A R Y Opening of the Drake Passage gateway between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans has been linked in various ways to Cenozoic climate changes. From the oceanic floor of Drake Passage, the largest of the remaining uncertainties in understanding this opening is in the timing and process of the opening of the central Scotia Sea. All but one of the available constraints on the age of the c...