longitudinal heat conduction is an important parameter in the cryogenic field, especially in cryogenic heat exchangers. in the present work, the parasitic effect of tube wall longitudinal heat conduction on temperature measurement has been studied in cryogenic laminar hydrogen flow. the effects of various parameters such as wall cold end temperature, wall thermal conductivity, gas volumetric fl...

In spite of increased environmental cold stress, heat strain is possible also in a cold environment. The body heat balance depends on three factors: environmental thermal conditions, metabolic heat production and thermal insulation of clothing and other protective garments. As physical exercise may increase metabolic heat production from rest values by ten times or even more, the required therm...

It is hypothesized that cold-tolerance in plants has a significant cost that constrains growth. However, tests of this hypothesis have not previously considered the biogeographic and evolutionary history of species. Using a phylogenetic approach, we propose to test for correlated evolution in growth rate and cold tolerance in 35 species of the willow family (Salicaceae). We will investigate mec...

The 7XXX series alloys are heat-treatable Al-Zn-Mg or Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys. They develop their strength by solution heat treatment followed by ageing. In contrast to the 5XXX series alloys, the 7XXX series alloys do not respond favourably to cold work, because they are strengthened almost exclusively by GP zone formation and precipitates which nucleate from the GP zones. Introducing many new disl...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To clarify the effect of cold air on exercise capacity in COPD. DESIGN Cycle ergometer tests under different environmental conditions. SETTING Pulmonary function laboratory and an environmental chamber at a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen patients with stable COPD; 14 completed the study. INTERVENTIONS A preliminary cycle ergometer test followed by two increme...

Metabolic flexibility is an important component of adaptation to stressful environments, including thermal stress and latitudinal adaptation. A long history of population genetic studies suggest that selection on core metabolic enzymes may shape life histories by altering metabolic flux. However, the direct relationship between selection on thermal stress hardiness and metabolic flux has not pr...