In this paper, we show that both the global and local gate duplication problems for delay optimization are NP-complete under certain delay models.

The Gene-Duplication Problem is the problem of computing the optimal species tree for a given set of gene trees under the Gene-Duplication Model ((rst introduced by Goodman et al.). The problem is known to be NP-complete. We give a xed-parameter tractable algorithm solving the problem parameterized by the number of gene duplications necessary to rectify the gene trees with the species tree.

The gastrointestinal duplication of stomach is uncommon congenital anomalies of gastrointestinal tract. Herein a rare case of gastric duplication with newborn is being reported. A 14-day-old term female baby was admitted to our clinic with intermittent bilious vomiting and abdominal distention. In evaluation, abdominal cystic mass was detected in the left upper quadrant. The cyst which was atta...

Alimentary tract duplications are rare congenital malformations that may be found anywhere from mouth to anus. They usually share a common smooth muscle wall and blood supply with the adjacent bowel. Some duplications are asymptomatic but most cause problems in early childhood. Gastric duplications account for 2% to 7% of all gastrointestinal duplications. The management of gastric duplication ...

Diprosopus is an extremely rare form of conjoined twins which found in newborns where there partial or complete duplication face. The etiology and pathophysiology remain unknown no genetic mutations have definitively associated with the condition so far. This article described a case infant born at 33.4 weeks gestation multiple congenital anomalies including diprosopus tetraophthalmos discussed...

Elucidating the genetic basis of adaptation on a genomewide scale has evaded biologists, but complete genome sequences and DNA high-density array technology make genomewide surveys more tractable. Six lines of Escherichia coli adapted for 2,000 generations to a stressful high temperature of 41.5 degrees C were examined on a genomewide scale for duplication/deletion events by using DNA high-dens...

We analyzed the completed human genome for recent segmental duplications (size > or = 1 kb and sequence similarity > or = 90%). We found that approximately 4% of the genome is covered by duplications and that the extent of segmental duplication varies from 1% to 14% among the 24 chromosomes. Intrachromosomal duplication is more frequent than interchromosomal duplication in 15 chromosomes. The d...