This paper examined the opportunities of composite double-layer grid superstructures in short-to-medium span bridge decks. It was empirically shown here that a deck system action with thin layer two−way reinforced concrete slab introduced several structural advantages over conventional plate-girder superstructure system. These included improved seismic performance, increased rigidity, reduced v...

The steel shear wall and composite steel plate shear wall is introduced in recent three decade and is considered and is spread rapidly. Composite steel plate shear wall which is made of a layer of thin steel sheet with coating of reinforced concrete in one or both sides of steel palate is considered a third generation of resistance shear walls against lateral loads that in addition to increasin...

The main theoretical concepts on ionic conduction at interfaces, especially the space charge layer model, are summarized in the ®rst part of this review: ion trapping or redistribution leads to charge carrier accumulation, depletion or inversion and, consequently, to conductivity changes in composite materials. Experimental con®rmations of the space charge layer model and the complementary perc...