The main objective of the study is to determine behavior built-up cold-formed steel (CFS) stub columns infilled with washed bottom ash (WBA) concrete and also their failure mode. Five proportions WBA as sand replacement in five specimens CFS are produced this study. There four parts testing conducted: material properties CFS, concrete, mechanical connection, columns. result shows that specimen ...

The use of aluminium alloys as a structural material has recently increased because their advantageous properties such high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. However, due to low Modulus Elasticity, instability is major concern for alloy members subjected compression. One the ways improve performance hollow sections on this count have concrete infill within them. Past research s...