php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, p...

The pyruvate-aspartic semialdehyde condensing enzyme, which occurs at the branch point in the aspartic acid family of amino acids leading to diaminopimelic acid and lysine biosynthesis, has been purified 5000-fold from crude extracts of Escherichia coli W. The protein has been shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and bears a net negative charge in the pH range 6.0 to 9....

The synthesis of citrate from acetate, ATP,’ and oxalacetate by soluble enzyme preparations from pigeon liver was briefly reported in 1949 (1). CoA was found to be required for activity. Similar results were later reported by Novelli and Lipmann (2) with preparations from yeast and Escherichiu coli, and by Elliott and Kalnitsky (3) with kidney acetone powder extracts. It was further shown (1) t...

The reported experimental results involve fully condensing flows of pure FC-72 vapor on a horizontal condensing surface (316 stainless steel) which is the bottom surface (wall) of a rectangular cross-section duct of 2 mm height, 15 mm width, and 1 m length. The sides and top of the duct are made of clear plastic. The experimental system in which this condenser is used is able to control steadyi...

Chicken liver fatty acid synthase is inhibited by the thiol-modifying reagents 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and iodoacetamide. Total inactivation of the activity for fatty acid synthesis requires the modification of about 8 of the nearly 50 freely accessible thiol groups per molecule. The differential binding of iodo[14C]acetamide to phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride-modified enzyme in the...

In this contribution we address the efficient solution of optimal control problems of dynamic processes with many controls. Such problems arise, e.g., from the outer convexification of integer control decisions. We treat this optimal control problem class using the direct multiple shooting method to discretize the optimal control problem. The resulting nonlinear problems are solved using sequen...

Capacity and efficiency of any refrigerating system diminish rapidly as the difference between the evaporating and condensing temperature is increased by reduction in the evaporator temperature. The single stage vapour compression refrigeration system is limited to an evaporator temperature of -40 C. Below temperature of -40 C the either cascade refrigeration system or multi stage vapour compre...

Cholesterol, due to its condensing effect, is considered an important regulator of membrane thickness. Other sterols, due to their structural similarities to cholesterol, are often assumed to have a universal effect on membrane properties similar to the condensing effect of cholesterol, albeit possibly to different degrees. We used x-ray diffraction to investigate this assumption. By the combin...