NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are critical to the development of the nervous system, although their roles at axonal growth cones are unclear. We examined NMDAR localization and function at axonal growth cones of young hippocampal neurons. Our immunocytochemical data showed that native and transfected NMDAR subunits are expressed in axons and growth cones of young (days in vitro 3-6) hippocampal rat n...

We quantitatively analyzed several features of orthogradely labeled peripheral growth cones in the lumbosacral region of the chick embryo. We compared motoneuron growth cones in regions where they appear to express specific directional preferences (the plexus region and regions where muscle nerves diverge from main nerve trunks), which we operationally defined as "decision regions," to motoneur...

The transport of mRNAs into developing dendrites and axons may be a basic mechanism to localize cytoskeletal proteins to growth cones and influence microfilament organization. Using isoform-specific antibodies and probes for in situ hybridization, we observed distinct localization patterns for beta- and gamma-actin within cultured cerebrocortical neurons. beta-Actin protein was highly enriched ...

Humans and old world primates have trichromatic color vision based on three spectral types of cone [long-wavelength (L-), middle-wavelength (M-), and short-wavelength (S-) cones]. All other placental mammals are dichromats, and their color vision depends on the comparison of L- and S-cone signals; however, their cone-selective retinal circuitry is still unknown. Here, we identified the S-cone-s...

Aggregated female cones were found in 192 Pinus halepensis trees growing in 54 populations in Israel, in habitats of vastly differing ecological conditions. All of these trees also carried normal (1-5 in a whorl) female cones. The number of aggregates per tree varied from one to several dozen. Some of the trees formed aggregates every year, after the first year of aggregate formation, while oth...

Abstract For nonconvex set optimization problems based on the less order relation, this paper presents characterizations of optimal sets and gives necessary conditions for inequalities non-optimal using directional derivatives. specific cones, derivatives known functionals describing negative cones are also given.

We have analyzed the morphology of over 5000 Ti1 pioneer growth cones labeled with anti-HRP, which reveals the disposition of axons, growth cone branches, and filopodia. Ti1 axon pathways typically consist of a sequence of 7 characteristically oriented segments, with a single, distinct reorientation point between each segment. Growth cones exhibit the same orientations and reorientations in a g...

PURPOSE To quantify impressions of mitochondrial translocation in degenerating cones and to determine the nature of accumulated material in the subretinal space with apparent inner segment (IS)-like features by examining cone IS ultrastructure. METHODS Human donor eyes with advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were screened for outer retinal tubulation (ORT) in macula-wide, high-re...

In the present report we used the calcium indicator fura-2 to compare intracellular levels of free calcium in growth cones of isolated Helisoma neurons under a variety of experimental conditions. We tested whether 2 different signals that inhibit growth cone motility--action potentials and serotonin--changed calcium levels in growth cones. Electrical stimulation of the cell body caused a rise i...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different concentrations of Chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in disinfecting contaminated Resilon cones within one minute. STUDY DESIGN Fifty Resilon cones were divided into seven experimental groups and three control groups of 5 cones each. The cones of experimental groups were contaminated with E. faeca...