A new theory of motivation is described along with its applications to addiction and aversion. The theory assumes that many hedonic, affective, or emotional states are automatically opposed by central nervous system mechanisms which reduce the intensity of hedonic feelings, both pleasant and aversive. The opponent processes for most hedonic states are strengthened by use and are weakened by dis...

For deep CNN-based image classification models, we observe that confusions between classes with high visual similarity are much stronger than those where classes are visually dissimilar. With these unbalanced confusions, classes can be organized in communities, which is similar to cliques of people in the social network. Based on this, we propose a graph-based tool named “confusion graph” to qu...

In this research work chaotic system is implemented for encryption of images. That is confusion and diffusion is implemented in all multi levels of cryptography. Cryptography means to change the sense i.e. decoding from one form to another. In first level pixels are scrambled row wise by a step of two and in second level pixels are shifted column wise by a step of two. All rows and columns are ...