materials and methods in a randomized clinical trial, 60 patients, scheduled for cesarean section were randomly divided in to 2 groups gum-chewing group (n = 30) and control group (n = 30) postoperatively. the patients in the gum-chewing group postoperatively chewed sugar free gum 3 times daily each time for 1 hour until discharge. the patients' demographic characteristics, duration of sur...

Ben Rich, J.D., Ph.D., presents a scholarly, passionate view of the ethics of the “barriers to effective pain management.” 1 His manuscript is detailed, analytical, and compassionate. No reasonable sensitive person, especially a physician committed to caring for patients, can disagree with the proposal that human beings should have their physical, emotional, and spiritual pain tended to aggress...

This analysis of the Brazilian geography congresses sponsored by the Geography Society of Rio de Janeiro between 1909 and 1944 identifies commonalities as well as differences over the years. Given how these scientific events focused on both the state of the art within the field as well as on its overall development, such an analysis serves as a good thermometer for measuring the social, economi...

We exploit a large new dataset in order to revisit the determinants of “legislative success” in Congress. Previous studies have focused on one or (rarely) two Congresses. Ours is the first study based on panel data, allowing us to better measure such causal effects as how a member’s productivity increases when they become a committee chair or their party attains a majority. While corroborating ...

The paper deals with the most important events and processes in history of Artistic Ukrainian Movement (MUR) as a literary artistic organization writers phenomenon life post-war period. article focuses upon content artistic, aesthetic ideological foundations on which MUR was formed, well some organizational aspects its activity. study role emigration is analyzed, particular, three writer’s cong...