[1] The aim of this paper is to foster the development of an end-to-end uncertainty analysis framework that can quantify satellite-based precipitation estimation error characteristics and to assess the influence of the error propagation into hydrological simulation. First, the error associated with the satellite-based precipitation estimates is assumed as a nonlinear function of rainfall space-...

Precipitation-type forecasting is the determination of when and where particular types of precipitation (e.g., snow, rain, ice pellets, freezing rain) will occur during a forecast period. Although much is already known about the physical processes that determine the type of precipitation that reaches the ground, these forecasts are very challenging for most forecasters because of inadequate atm...

The South African apartheid system formally ended with the election of the African National Congress at the first all-race elections held in 1994. As a result, racist policies such as color barring, that particularly hindered the advancement of black workers throughout the apartheid period are no longer legal. Yet the legacy of apartheid may endure as a result of both the persistence of racial ...

interpolation, the generalization of point data to scatter data, and combining maps are three cases of important applications of gis. in this study, it has been tried to make the estimation of rain erosion capacity (fournier method) more real through using gis capability in interpolation and the generalization of point data to scatter data. in fournier method, the rain erosion capacity is calcu...

The role played by planetary boundary layer (PBL) in the development and evolution of a severe convective storm is studied by means of meso-scale modeling and surface and upper air observations. The severe convective precipitation event that occurred on 14 September 1999 in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula was simulated by means of the mesoscale model MM5 (version 3) using three different...

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Das, T., et al. (2011). "Potential increase in floods in California's Sierra Nevada under future climate projections." Climatic Change 109: 71-94. California's mountainous topography, exposure to occasional heavily moisture-laden storm systems, and varied communities and infrastructures in low lying areas make it highly vulnerable to floods. An important question facing the state-in terms of pr...

The Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) was conducted over the European Alps in September-November 1999. During autumn, heavy rains and floods can occur when baroclinic troughs move over the region, and moist air flows from the Mediterranean Sea toward the southern Alps. Dual-polarimetric Doppler and vertically pointing radar data collected during MAP on the Mediterranean side of the Alps provided...

Controls on the sensitivity of mountain snowpack accumulation to climate warming (lS) are investigated. This is accomplished using two idealized, physically based models of mountain snowfall to simulate snowpack accumulation for the Cascade Mountains under current and warmed climates. Both models are forced from sounding observations. The first model uses the linear theory (LT) model of orograp...