Emphasis on the advantages of breast-feeding to the infant and to the nursing mother has been accompanied by resurgent interest in this practice. Although breast-feeding has many desirable features, the needs of the lactating mother and her nursing infant may not always be complementary. Possible competition between the mother’s requirement for adequate contraception and the infant’s nutrition ...

We aimed to find the prevalence and some factors relating with unwanted pregnancy. Methods. It was a cross-sectional study on 400 randomly pregnant women, who were referring to different health centers in Ahwaz city during 2010. Data was conducted based on questionnaire, and all the analysis was performed using SPSS (version 17) statistical analysis software. Results. The prevalence of unwanted...

Confounding associated with social stratification or other selection processes has been called structural confounding. In the presence of structural confounding, certain covariate strata will contain only subjects who could never be exposed, a violation of the positivity or experimental treatment effect assumption. Thus, structural confounding can prohibit the exchangeability necessary for mean...

Niche construction is the process by which organisms can alter the ecological environment for themselves, their descendants, and other species. As a result of niche construction, differences in selection pressures may be inherited across generations. Homophily, the tendency of like phenotypes to mate or preferentially associate, influences the evolutionary dynamics of these systems. Here we dev...

On a Saturday afternoon in 1998, in a small town in Washington State, a 15-year-old young woman accompanied by her friend enters a local pharmacy and walks up to the counter. The tearful 15-year-old needs help and tells the pharmacist of being raped the night before. She expressed being too afraid to tell her parents, the police or her doctor. She decided to come to the pharmacy because it was ...

Inclusion of women in research studies is necessary for valid inferences about health and disease in women. The generalization of results from trials conducted in men may yield erroneous conclusions that fail to account for the biologic differences between men and women. Although significant changes in research design and practice have led to an increase in the proportion of women included in r...

most nothing is taken as read and the result is a factual and theoretical 'refresher course' followed by some of the clearest thinking and plainest speaking about sex, its power and its potential miseries if misused, that has appeared for a long time. The author deals, in detailed but simple language, with contraception, honeymoons, early adjustment to marriage, parenthood, marriage in maturity...