in an era of information technology, businesses, through the use of the boundless internet, can enter into international electronic contracts from anywhere in the world. the potential for cross-border disputes in electronic contracts is obviously much greater than in a paper-based environment, where a high degree of commercial contracts are domestic in nature. can the traditional rules on juris...

We consider a manufacturer selling to a retailer with private demand information arising dynamically over an infinite time horizon. Under a backlogging model, we show that the manufacturer’s optimal dynamic long-term contract takes a simple form: in the first period, based on her private demand forecast, the retailer selects a wholesale price and pays an associated upfront fee, and, from then o...

the character of cosmopolitanism in e-commerce disputes is much more complicated than in normal international transactions. internet environment has created challenges and changes about the governing law of contracts in this space. this cyber space has technical and legal differences in compared with physical environment. in this paper, we intend to answer this question that in dispute arising ...

Private participation in road projects is increasing around the world. The most popular franchising mechanism is a concession contract, which allows a private firm to charge tolls to road users during a pre-determined period in order to recover its investments. Concessionaires are usually selected through auctions at which candidates submit bids for tolls, payments to the government, or minimum...

April 1, 2004 version) Software contracts help programmers enforce program properties that the language’s type system cannot express. Unlike types, contracts are (usually) enforced at run-time. When a contract fails, the contract system signals an error. Beyond such errors, contracts should have no other observable (functional) effect on the program’s results. In most implementations, however, ...

. Perceived organizational support has been raised as work backbone of employee in the organization and the psychological contracts are also a set of promises that top managers give to support their employees. Therefore, violation of this contract not only involves depriving organizational support, but also reduces the employee's belongings. The main purpose of this paper was to examine the imp...

We study, theoretically and empirically, the effort choices of microfinance borrowers under individual liability (IL) joint (JL) contracts when loan repayments are made either privately or publicly. Our theoretical model identifies guilt aversion in a JL contract shame public repayment loans as main psychological drivers choice. Evidence from our lab-in-the-field experiment Pakistan reveals lar...

Using a large random sample of private credit agreements between US publicly traded firms and financial institutions, we show that over 90% of long-term debt contracts are renegotiated prior to their stated maturity, despite being designed with a number of contingencies that tie the contract terms to future verifiable events. Renegotiations result in material changes to the terms of the contrac...

an important determinant of health system performance is contracting. providers often respond to financial incentives, despite the ethical underpinnings of medicine, and payers can craft contracts to influence performance. yet contracting is highly imperfect in both single-payer and multi-payer health systems. arguably, in a competitive, multi-payer environment, contractual innovation may occur...