According to evolutionary game theory, cooperation in public goods games is eliminated by free-riders, yet in nature, cooperation is ubiquitous. Artificial models resolve this contradiction via the mechanism of network reciprocity. However, existing research only addresses pre-existing networks and does not specifically consider their origins. Further, much work has focused on scale-free networ...

Some research studies have pointed out that the establishment of cooperation by metanorms as proposed by Axelrod holds only for a narrow parameter space. We closely examined the conditions under which cooperation would be established by metanorms and searched out the conditions for which cooperation could continue to exist in a stable manner. It was found that cooperation could be established b...

Future measurements of the nature of dark energy using Type Ia supernovae will require a precise characterization of systematic sources of error. Evolutionary effects remain the most uncertain contributor to the overall systematic error budget. Present plans to probe evolution with cosmology-independent explosion parameters could yield absence of evidence for evolution without definitive eviden...

Embedded systems typically include reactive and transformative functions, often described in different languages and semantics which are well introduced in the various application fields. A large part of the system functionality and components is reused from previous designs including legacy code. There is little hope that a single language will replace this heterogeneous set of languages. A ha...

The units that are subject to selection pressure in evolutionary biology are 'strategies', which are conditional actions ('Do P if X occurs, otherwise do Q'). In contrast, the units in economics select strategies from available menus so as to further their projects and purposes. As economic agents do not live in isolation, each agent's optimum choice, in general, depends on the choices made by ...

February 2006 | Volume 3 | Issue 2 | e43 The term “globalization” was popularized by Marshall McLuhan in War and Peace in the Global Village . In the book, McLuhan described how the global media shaped current events surrounding the Vietnam War [1] and also predicted how modern information and communication technologies would accelerate world progress through trade and knowledge development. Gl...

Despite large numbers of empirical studies are conducted on examiner patent citations, few have scrutinized the cognitive limitations of officials at patent offices in searching for prior art to add citations during patent prosecution. This research takes advantage of the longitudinal gap between International Search Reports (ISRs) required by the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and subsequent ...

Mutualistic cooperation often requires multiple individuals to behave in a coordinated fashion. Hence, while the evolutionary stability of mutualistic cooperation poses no particular theoretical difficulty, its evolutionary emergence faces a chicken and egg problem: an individual cannot benefit from cooperating unless other individuals already do so. Here, we use evolutionary robotic simulation...

We examined recent special health initiatives to control HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, and make four policy recommendations for improving the sustainability of such initiatives. First, international cooperation on health should be seen as an issue of global public goods that concerns both poor and rich countries. Second, national health and other sector budgets should be tapped to ensure...