With the development of digital economy (DE), a large number new economies, models and business types characterized by "Internet+" have been born, scale employment field DE has expanding. New forms flexible employment, such as live video with goods, we media videos, online consultants copywriters, emerged. The platform economy, part-time industry sharing are developing vigorously. Under DE, com...

Chapter 1 examines whether immigrants gain a comparative advantage relative to natives in highly protected labor markets. This may be the case if immigrants, being new to the country, are less aware of employment protection regulations and less likely to claim their rights. I test this hypothesis drawing on evidence for the EU and on two natural experiments for Spain and Italy. The results sugg...

Executive Summary Key challenges In many advanced economies and some emerging economies, the persistence of high levels of unemployment following the crisis, and the build-up of long-term unemployment in particular, have raised concerns around a possible rise in structural unemployment. In emerging economies, there are long-standing concerns about high levels of under-employment, with many work...

This paper demonstrates that the economic surplus which agents produce in bilateral interactions is extractable by an outside party having sufficient initial resources. The third party achieves this outcome using a class of ‘‘exclusive-interaction’’ contracts. A basic extractability result is shown to be robust to several extensions: competition among outside parties, multiplicity of interactin...

Interorganizational coordination (IOC) is a critical part of planning, because planning mostly involves multiple organizational interactions. Investment and employment are considered as multi-dimensional and multi-sectional challenges that the management of them requires intersectional and interorganizational cooperation. The goal of this research is the investigation of the interorganizational...

plant tissue culture refers to growing and multiplication of cells, tissues and organs of plants on defined solid or liquid media under aseptic and controlled environment. micropropagation allows rapid production of high quality, disease-free and uniform planting material. the micropropagation of high quality planting materials of ornamentals, and forest and fruit trees has created new opportun...