Background The aim of this study is to assess the availability and rational use of six essential medicines in private retail outlets in Maharashtra state. The study focuses on the range of brands for each medicine, and the availability of these brands in the pharmacies. The medicines were chosen because they are included in the World Health Organization's (WHO) essential medicines list (EML), t...

Own-brand and Cross-brand Retail Pass-through In this paper we describe the pass-through behavior of a major US supermarket chain for 78 products across 11 categories. Our data set includes retail prices and wholesale prices for stores in 15 retail price zones for a one-year period. For the empirical model, we use a reduced-form approach that focuses directly on equilibrium prices as a function...

2001 marked the tenth anniversary of a seminal article on corporate branding written by the distinguished English advertising consultant Stephen King (1991). In this article King’s contribution to the emergent theory relating to corporate branding in the context of recent scholarship is appraised. This article outlines the benefits and characteristics of corporate brands. It details the differe...

We consider the retailer’s store brand (SB) positioning problem in a market with two national brand (NB) competitors. In the context of our model, two brands are assumed to be positioned close to each other if the “perceptual” distance between the two brands is small, and positioning affects the degree of price competition. Our game-theoretic model indicates that the optimal strategy for the re...

Background: The presence of heavy metals in the environment could constitute a hazard to food security and public health. These can be accumulated in aquatic animals such as fish. Canned fish is consumed regularly in many countries. In this study, the levels of heavy metals Cu, Ni, Fe and Cr were evaluated in commercial canned fish products that are commonly consumed in Iran. The canned fish ...

background: the presence of heavy metals in the environment could constitute a hazard to food security and public health. these can be accumulated in aquatic animals such as fish. canned fish is consumed regularly in many countries. in this study, the levels of heavy metals cu, ni, fe and cr were evaluated in commercial canned fish products that are commonly consumed in iran. the canned fish st...