Members of the Sox family of transcription factors are involved in a number of crucial developmental processes, including sex determination, neurogenesis and skeletal development. LSox5 is a member of the group D Sox factors that, in conjunction with Sox6 and Sox9, promotes chondrogenesis by activating the expression of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix molecules. We have cloned the chick...

Introduction: Bone graft is harvested from bone and used to stimulate bone healing due to its properties. The aims of the study were to compare the quantity of graft harvested from proximal tibia and iliac crest, and the complications at these donor sites. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study carried out on all consecutive patients who had orthopaedic procedures that required bon...

Cranial neural crest cells differentiate into diverse derivatives including neurons and glia of the cranial ganglia, and cartilage and bone of the facial skeleton. Here, we explore the function of a novel transcription factor of the spalt family that might be involved in early cell-lineage decisions of the avian neural crest. The chicken spalt4 gene (csal4) is expressed in the neural tube, migr...

The neural crest is a multipotent, stem cell-like population that migrates extensively in the embryo and forms a wide array of derivatives, ranging from neurons to melanocytes and cartilage. Analyses of the gene regulatory network driving neural crest development revealed Sox10 as one of the earliest neural crest-specifying genes, cell-autonomously driving delamination and directly regulating n...

The early stage of migration of neural crest cells was observed in the mid-brain level of bantam embryos (5-somite stage to 15-somite stage) by transmission) electron microscopy. It was confirmed that the migration of the neural crest cells starts at the stage of 7-8 somites and ends at the stage of about 14 somites. During this period, not only the contact of migrating crest cells with each ot...

Neurons of cranial sensory ganglia are derived from the neural crest and ectodermal placodes, but the mechanisms that control the relative contributions of each are not understood. Crest cells of the second branchial arch generate few facial ganglion neurons and no vestibuloacoustic ganglion neurons, but crest cells in other branchial arches generate many sensory neurons. Here we report that th...

OBJECTIVE Provide reference basis for the clinical implant restoration to select implant diameter through measuring each data of 7 teeth in the dental neck of bilateral upper and lower jaws of the young volunteers with normal dentition. METHODS Select 30 healthy young volunteers with complete dentition but no malocclusion, take cone beam CT (CBCT), measure the mesiodistal and buccolingual dis...

Neural crest cells, which generate peripheral nervous system and facial skeleton, arise at the neural plate/ectodermal border via an inductive interaction between these tissues. Wnts and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play roles in neural crest induction in amphibians and zebrafish. Here, we show that, in avians, Wnt6 is localized in ectoderm and in vivo inhibition of Wnt signaling perturbs...

We prove the nonexistence of two-dimensional solitary gravity water waves with subcritical wave speeds and an arbitrary distribution vorticity. This is a longstanding open problem, even in irrotational case there are only partial results relying on sign conditions or smallness assumptions. As corollary, we obtain relatively complete classification waves: they must be supercritical, symmetric, m...

Splotch mice, which harbour mutations in the Pax3 gene, exhibit neural crest-related abnormalities including pigmentation defects, reduced or absent dorsal root ganglia and failure of cardiac outflow tract septation in homozygotes. Although splotch neural crest cells fail to colonise target tissues, they initiate migration in vivo and appear to migrate as well as wild type neural crest cells in...