Electroless plating is a chemical reduction process which depends upon the catalytic reduction of a metallic ion in an aqueous solution containing a reducing agent without the use of electricity (1). Cahill (2) showed that the cupric ion could be reduced autocatalytically with formaldehyde in an alkaline solution. Okinaka (3 ) established that the overall reaction of the catalytic copper platin...

the use of colored semiconductor oxide like copper (ii) oxide and nickel (ii) oxide for photocatalytic bleaching of rose bengal was investigated in detail. in order to harness the solar energy, the effective wavelength of the photocatalyst is to be expanded into the visible region and that increases the rate of photocatalytic bleaching of the dye. progress of the reaction was observed spectroph...

The copper sensitivity of the dinoflagellate Gonyuulax tamarensis was examined in artificial seawater medium. Two short term responses of the organism to copper toxicity are rapid loss of motility and reduced photosynthetic carbon fixation. The chelators tris(hydroxymethylamino)methane (Tris) and cthylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used to dcmonstrate that copper toxicity is a unique ...

Anionic water clusters have long been studied to infer properties of the bulk hydrated electron. In particular, the question of whether the excess electron is on the surface of the cluster or in the interior of the clusters has been the subject of much speculation. The successes of solid-state physics are built on exploiting the regularity of atomic arrangements in crystal. Describing the cryst...

Materials that combine coupled electric and magnetic dipole order are termed 'magnetoelectric multiferroics'. In the past few years, a new class of such materials, 'induced-multiferroics', has been discovered, wherein non-collinear spiral magnetic order breaks inversion symmetry, thus inducing ferroelectricity. Spiral magnetic order often arises from the existence of competing magnetic interact...