Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a major pest of potato, (Solanum tuberosum L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and peppers (Capsicum spp.). The purpose of our research was to identify and determine the impact of natural enemies on B. cockerelli population dynamics. Through 2 yr of field studies (2009-2010) at four different sites and laboratory feeding tests, we ident...

The enemy release hypothesis predicts that invasive species will receive less damage from enemies, compared to co-occurring native and noninvasive exotic species in their introduced range. However, release operating early in invasion could be lost over time and with increased range size as introduced species acquire new enemies. We used three years of data, from 61 plant species planted into co...

This paper presents a game-theoretic model of network formation, which allows agents to enter bilateral alliances and to extract payo¤s from enemies. Each pair of agents creates a surplus of one, which allies divide in equal parts. If agents are enemies, then the agent with more allies obtains a larger share of the surplus. I show that Nash equilibria are of two types. First, a state of utopia,...

Contrary to the tendency of mediators to defuse negative emotions between adversaries by treating them kindly, we demonstrate the surprising effectiveness of hostile mediators in resolving conflict. Hostile mediators generate greater willingness to reach agreements between adversaries (Experiment 1). Consequently, negotiators interacting with hostile mediators are better able to reach agreement...

The research presented in this issue finds historical resonance in a classical scientific debate. Russian biologist Ilya Metchnikoff [1, 2] was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908 for the development of the phagocyte theory, the central tenet of which was that the ‘swallowing and digestion’ of bacteria by circulating ‘white corpuscles’ (neutrophils and macrophages), enhanced by prior opsonization, ...

Plants engage in multiple, simultaneous interactions with other species; some (enemies) reduce and others (mutualists) enhance plant performance. Moreover, effects of different species may not be independent of one another; for example, enemies may compete, reducing their negative impact on a plant. The magnitudes of positive and negative effects, as well as the frequency of interactive effects...

introduction: ondine’s curse is a catastrophic but rare condition in adults. it is referred to as a congenital or acquired condition, in which the patient cannot breathe automatically while asleep. acquired causes of this disease can be any cause affecting the ventrolateral part of the medulla, which is considered to be the breathing center in humans.    case report:   a 51-year-old woman, with...

Plants actively respond to damage with the induction of defences. One of these defences involves emitting volatiles that attract the enemies of the enemies of the plant. Whether downwind neighbouring plants ‘eavesdrop’ on these cues and respond with the induction of their defences too has been debated intensively. Evidence in support of this hypothesis has been accumulating recently, provoking ...

In this paper, we study the prophylactic biological control strategy for greenhouse crops protection. The method consists in the preventive installation of natural enemies to fight against an invading pest, using discrete augmentative (i.e. inondative) releases of the natural enemies. We consider a simple non negative prey (pest) predator (natural enemy) model in ordinary differential equations...

Animal medication is a behavioral strategy to resist enemies based on the use of substances from the environment. While it has been observed in several animals, whether invasive species can use medication to resist new enemies during its expansion is unknown. Here, we show that the worldwide invasive pest Drosophila suzukii performs trans-generational prophylactic medication by adapting its ovi...