OBJECTIVES To complement analyses of the linear trend and seasonal fluctuation of European outpatient antibiotic use expressed in defined daily doses (DDD) by analyses of data in packages, to assess the agreement between both measures and to study changes in the number of DDD per package over time. METHODS Data on outpatient antibiotic use, aggregated at the level of the active substance (WHO...

AIM Right ventricular pacing (VP) has been hypothesized to increase the risk in heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF). The ANSWER study evaluated, whether an AAI-DDD changeover mode to minimize VP (SafeR) improves outcome compared with DDD in a general dual-chamber pacemaker population. METHODS AND RESULTS ANSWER was a randomized controlled multicentre trial assessing SafeR vs. stan...

BACKGROUND Atrial endocrine function was established in the second half of the 20th century, confirming the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the physiology of the cardiovascular system. The present study was undertaken to evaluate changes in ANP and echocardiographic parameters within the first month after VVI and DDD pacemaker implantation and to ...

BACKGROUND Therapeutic reference pricing (TRP) based on the WHO daily defined dose (DDD) is a method frequently employed for the cost-containment of pharmaceuticals. Our objective was to compare average drug use in the real world with DDD and to evaluate whether TRP based on DDD could result in cost savings on maintenance medication and the total direct health expenditures for asthma patients t...

INTRODUCTION Dense Deposit Disease (DDD) is a devastating renal disease that leads to renal failure within 10 years of diagnosis in about half of affected patients. In this study, we evaluated the relative prevalence and pathological features of DDD diagnosed at our center over a 29 years period. METHODS We reviewed the clinical and pathological features of all cases of DDD diagnosed at the E...

BACKGROUND Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) and Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) help practitioners to choose evidence-based decisions, regarding patients' needs. Despite its use in developed countries, in Brazil, the impact of a CPOE/CDSS to improve cefazolin use in surgical prophylaxis was not assessed yet. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the impact of a CDSS to improve the us...

drug utilization evaluation (due) studies are designed to assess drug usage appropriateness. we aim to evaluate the drug utilization of intravenous ciprofloxacin and imipenem, two of the broad spectrum antibiotics that consume a significant proportion of our hospitals’ outlay, in different wards of a teaching hospital in zabol. during a 5 months period (december 2010 to may 2011), 263 patients ...

The drop-dry deposition (DDD) is a simple chemical technique of thin film deposition, which can be applied to metal oxides. solution an aqueous including salt and alkali. However, some ions react spontaneously with water precipitate. This work the first attempt use complexing agents in DDD suppress precipitation. SnO2 films are fabricated using Na2S2O3 as agent via annealing air. results Auger ...

BACKGROUND Cardiac memory (CM) refers to persistent T-wave changes on resumption of normal conduction after a period of abnormal ventricular activation. Traditionally, to observe CM, normal ventricular activation had to be restored, limiting the exploration of this phenomenon in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE This study sought to prove that CM can be detected during continuous aberrant activati...

BACKGROUND For years, anxiolytics and hypnotics have been one of the most prescribed drug classes in most developed countries. The main aim of this study is to explore the pattern of use of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs during the period 2000-2011, comparing their growth with that of five european countries. METHOD We performed an ecological and descriptive study of anxiolytics and hypnotics ...