In the application of hypercapnic normalization to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response to a functional stimulus is typically divided by the BOLD response to a hypercapnic challenge. While some prior studies have shown that hypercapnic normalization can reduce inter-subject BOLD variability, other studies have found an incre...

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one of the most important predator-prey interactions is functional response which its type and parameters are affected by different factors including host plant characteristics. in this research, the influence of leaf surface on functional response and prey consumption rate of third instar larvae of the episyrphus balteatus (de geer, 1776) (diptera: syrphidae) to third instar nymphs of aphis go...

It has recently been claimed that the functional response of predators depends on the numbers of prey and predators only via their ratio. Contrary to this claim, I argue that such "ratio-dependent" functional responses are very unlikely to occur on theoretical grounds and have not been shown empirically. Previous justifications for ratio-dependent functional responses ignore the role of these r...