We have developed a new algorithm for \depth from defocusing" (or \depth from blurring") for recovering the depth of objects by measuring the amount of image blur. Compared to earlier algorithms, this method has the following advantages. It gives a unique estimate of depth. It has high accuracy at low computational costs. Easy calibration (only one unknown constant) These advantages are achieve...

The reflectance of corrugated surfaces with a fractal distribution of grooves is investigated. Triadic and polyadic Cantor fractal distributions are considered, and the reflected intensity is compared with that of the corresponding periodic structure. The self-similarity property of the response is analyzed when varying the depth of the grooves and the lacunarity parameter. The results confirm ...

light is never being distributed homogeneously and it forms a gradient over biomass. the unidirectional nature of light gives rise to a vertical gradient of light intensity as a function of depth. the maximum depth of the light zone suitable for phytoplankton photosynthesis is designated as the euphotic depth. this study was designed to test the hypothesis of mixing depth of phytoplankton and i...

We propose an order parameter for a general one-dimensional gapped system with an open boundary condition. The order parameter can be computed from the ground state entanglement entropy of some regions near one of the boundaries. Hence, it is well-defined even in the presence of arbitrary interaction and disorder. We also show that it is invariant under a finite-depth local quantum circuit, sug...

Negative impacts of gully erosion in marly areas are severe due to improper landuse practices such as irrigation, tillage, overgrazing and degradation of vegetation cover. The objective of this research was to evaluate gully thresholds related to plant vegetation cover and landuse change in the Agriculture (AG), Fair Rangeland (FR) and Weak Rangeland (WR) areas of Ghaasr-e-Shirin, Kermanshah, I...

We demonstrate optical phantom experiments on the phase function parameter γ using spatial frequency domain imaging. The incorporation of two different types of scattering particles allows for control of the optical phantoms’ microscopic scattering properties. By laterally structuring areas with either TiO2 or Al2O3 scattering particles, we were able to obtain almost pure subdiffusive scatterin...

A hierarchy of models for type-II superconducting thin films is presented. Through appropriate asymptotic limits this hierarchy passes from the mesoscopic Ginzburg-Landau model to the London model with isolated vortices as δfunction singularities, to vortex-density models and finally to macroscopic critical-state models. At each stage it is found that a key nondimensional parameter is Λ = λ2/dL...

My intention in this paper is to outline and motivate a novel theory of syntactic bootstrapping, Exemplar-Based Phonological Bootstrapping (EBPB), based on Stochastic Tree-Substitution Grammar. Because I have outlined the basic structure of STSG in other places for assessed work on this degree, I will not recapitulate that work in the body of the present paper, but will instead quote it in full...

ÐDepth from defocus (DFD) problem involves calculating the depth of various points in a scene by modeling the effect that the focal parameters of the camera have on images acquired with a small depth of field. In this paper, we propose a MAP-MRF-based scheme for recovering the depth and the focused image of a scene from two defocused images. The space-variant blur parameter and the focused imag...

The dependence of the reflectance at the surface on the vertical structure of optical parameters is derived from first principles. It is shown that the depth dependence is a function of the derivative of the round trip attenuation of the downwelling and backscattered light. Previously the depth dependence was usually modeled as being dependent on the round trip attenuation. Using the new relati...