Undesirable outputs (or bads) refer to the byproducts accompanied with desirable outputs (or goods) in a production process, e.g. sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide in coal-fired power generation. The shadow price of undesirable output, which may be interpreted as the opportunity cost of abating one additional unit of undesirable output in terms of the loss of desirable output, could provide val...

The recent pandemic has painfully reminded us of the need for IS design to be informed by possible futures and conscious undesirable – Within months, many nice-to-have functionalities have become must-haves; Technology solutions in response raised privacy equality concerns. Although science research fundamentally focuses on shaping artefacts events create a more desirable future, there been lim...

Cross efficiency is one of the useful methods for ranking of decision making units (DMUs) in data envelopment analysis (DEA). Since the optimal solutions of inputs and outputs weights are not unique so the selection of them are not simple and the ranks of DMUs can be changed by the difference weights. Thus, in this paper, we introduce a method for ranking of DMUs which does not have a unique pr...

Drawing on a Cochrane systematic review, this paper examines the relatively limited range of outcomes measured in published evaluations of antimicrobial stewardship interventions (ASIs) in hospitals. We describe a structured framework for considering the range of consequences that ASIs can have, in terms of their desirability and the extent to which they were expected when planning an ASI: expe...

The abnormality as a deviation-from-the-average definition sees abnormality as statistically infrequent behaviour. Yet this does not distinguish between desirable and undesirable behaviour. Some behaviour can be seen as desirable yet be statistically infrequent, e.g. creative genius. Also there are behaviours that are so common that they are regarded as being statistically frequent, yet are cat...

Past research provides initial evidence that errors pertaining to undesired (vs. desired) self-standards are of greater motivational significance, but little is known about how quickly people recognize and respond to such errors. To examine immediate responses to errors pertaining to desired and undesired self-standards, we assessed event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants judged self...

The general practice in performance and production efficiency measurement has been to ignore additional products of most transformation processes that can be classified as " undesirable outputs " — which are a subset of the output set. Without the inclusion of these factors, the efficiency evaluation becomes a purely technical measure of the system alone, and does not account for the interactio...

Policy interventions generally have both desirable and undesirable effects on the efficiency and/or equity of market allocations. The balance between the former and the latter depends importantly, for each instrument, on the scope and elasticity of market reactions to its introduction, which in turn depend on the pervasiveness and character of policy intervention along the margins where such re...