At low temperatures (<750 °C at moderate to high crustal pressures), the production of suffi cient melt to reach the melt connectivity transition (~7 vol%), enabling melt drainage, requires an infl ux of aqueous fl uid along structurally controlled pathways or recycling of fl uid via migration of melt and exsolution during crystallization. At higher temperatures, melting occurs by fl uid-absent...

Low-lying countries typically have mildly-sloping beaches as part of their coastal defence system. Many in north-western Europe urban areas that rely on this type system, which consists a lowcrested impermeable sea dike with relatively short promenade, and long (nourished) beach front acts very/extremely shallow foreshore defined by Hofland (2017). Along the cross-section hybrid beach-dike stor...

the intakes usually have been used in water distribution networks, irrigation channels, sewage networks, and the water/wastewater treatment facilities, etc. lack of sediment control entered to the intake channel is the main reason of entering sediments to the installation systems, which makes many problems for different parts. due to suspended particles in water, the facilities used such as pum...

This study established the fuzzy logic modeling of the stochastic finite element method based on the first-order approximation theorem. Fuzzy mathematical models of safety repertories were incorporated into the stochastic finite element method to analyze the stability of embankments and foundations in order to describe the fuzzy failure procedure for the random safety performance function. The ...

Lying is common, and in its many aspects forms a normal part of social interchange. In this issue, Dike et al. review the literature on what has been referred to as pathological lying, highlighting the lack of information available about this phenomenon. In this commentary on Dike et al., it is noted that if pathological lying exists, it is not the lie, but the liar that is abnormal, with the a...

In this study a new approach was proposed to determine optimum parameters of a protective spur dike to mitigate scouring depth amount around existing main spur dikes. The studied parameters were angle of the protective spur dike relative to the flume wall, its length, and its distance from the main spur dikes, flow intensity, and the diameters of the sediment particles that were explored to fin...

Seismic observations in volcanically active calderas are challenging. A new cabled observatory atop Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca ridge allows unprecedented real-time monitoring of a submarine caldera. Beginning on 24 April 2015, the seismic network captured an eruption that culminated in explosive acoustic signals where lava erupted on the seafloor. Extensive seismic activity preceding th...

Laboratory experiments allow the investigation of complex interactions between impacts and an atmosphere. Although small in scale, they can provide essential first-order constraints on the processes affecting late-stage ballistic ejecta and styles of ejecta emplacement around much larger craters on planetary surfaces. The laboratory experiments involved impacting different fine-grained particul...

Abstract Several swarms of parallel E–W dikes cuts late Neoproterozoic- to early Paleozoic (540 Ma) basement in the Biarjmand area, NE Iran. The microgabbroic doleritic dike are several hundred meters long and 0.5 3 wide. U–Pb dating their zircon grains yields a crystallization age 46.0 ± 7.1 Ma for swarms. have SiO2 contents 46.0–49.3 wt%, Fe2O3 9.80–14.8 wt% with variable MgO (4.92–9.16 wt%),...