This paper provides a review of the economic literature on social security systems and of practical experiences with building social security institutions. The focus is on the design of the institutions, and on the complicated relation between social security, economic welfare and economic growth at the macro-level. The aim of this review is to provide lessons for building social security schem...

Africa’s disappointing economic performance, the East Asian financial crisis, and the weak record of the former Soviet Union have focused attention on the role of institutions in determining a country’s economic growth. This article critically reviews the literature that tries to link quantitative measures of institutions, such as civil liberties and property rights, with growth of gross domest...

The present article studies role of Iran  export insurance fund on agricultural export sector by during 1385-1391.Since activity in agricultural sector is one of the most dangerous economical activities, and the most important problem of planners and politicians of agricultural development reducing risk of economic activities and increasing security coefficient for producers of agricultural sec...

The present article studies role of Iran  export insurance fund on agricultural export sector by during 1385-1391.Since activity in agricultural sector is one of the most dangerous economical activities, and the most important problem of planners and politicians of agricultural development reducing risk of economic activities and increasing security coefficient for producers of agricultural sec...

Ninety-eight percent of 51 polled medical editors felt that published research articles should be available to the public on the World Wide Web at no charge, after a mean time from publication of 1.4 years for viewing and 1.9 years for printing. Public libraries or other government institutions could be allowed to assume the responsibility of housing and distributing the electronically stored a...

This paper discusses the question of whether institutions matter for regional development and, if so, of how can the institutional dimension be integrated in regional development strategies. It finds that while the role of local institutions is crucial for economic development and as a means of determining the returns of regional development policies, generating an institution-based general reg...

Institutions are the rules of the game that help to shape the long-term historical development of societies. They mediate human interaction and can be more or less formal (or tangible) in nature ranging from systems of government to common modes of behaviour. Most formal institutions can be distinguished as economic, social, political or cultural in nature although such distinctions are more di...

This paper takes an institutional approach to explaining differences in the levels of entrepreneurship and economic growth across U.S. states. The institutional approach to growth argues that political and economic institutions influence the productivity of resource use. We hypothesize that institutions influence economic growth primarily through their effect on entrepreneurship and discovery. ...

T                      is founded on two propositions: ) Institutions matter, ) Institutions are endogenous. The central claim of ‘‘new institutionalism’’ is that institutions are a ‘‘deeper’’, ‘‘primary’’ cause of economic development. The theoretical program has been laid out by North (, p. ; italics supplied): ‘‘To make sense out of historical and contemporary e...