Five cognate G protein-coupled receptors (S1P(1-5)) have been shown to mediate various cellular effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Here we report the generation of mice null for S1P(2) and for both S1P(2) and S1P(3). S1P(2)-null mice were viable and fertile and developed normally. The litter sizes from S1P(2)S1P(3) double-null crosses were remarkably reduced compared with controls, and d...

This paper deals with the asymptotic stability analysis of a discrete dynamical inclusion whose right-hand side is a convex process. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for weak asymptotic stability, and obtain sharp estimates for the asymptotic null-controllability set. These estimates involve not only standard, but also higher-order spectral information on the convex process and it...

We examine a generalized F-test of a nonparametric function through penalized splines and a linear mixed effects model representation. With a mixed effects model representation of penalized splines, we imbed the test of an unspecified function into a test of some fixed effects and a variance component in a linear mixed effects model with nuisance variance components under the null. The procedur...

Bearing in mind our previous study on asymptotic behavior of null geodesics near future infinity, we analyze the geometrical quantities such as a certain extrinsic curvature and Riemann tensor Bondi coordinates. In sense asymptotics, condition for an $r$-constant hypersurface to be photon surface is shown controlled by key quantity that determines fate photons initially emitted angular directio...

Composite endpoints, consisting of the union of two or more outcomes, are often used as the primary endpoint in time-to-event randomized clinical trials. Previously, Gómez and Lagakos provided a method to guide the decision between using a composite endpoint instead of one of its components when testing the effect of a treatment in a randomized clinical trial. Consider the problem of testing th...

We performed an objective evaluation of 39 children whose behaviour was observed by their parents to improve on an artificial food additive free diet and to deteriorate with dietary lapses. Only 19 children completed a double blind placebo controlled challenge study with artificial food colours. In these children food colours were shown to have an adverse effect on a daily Conners' rating of be...