BACKGROUND Veterinary drugs such as clenbuterol (CL) and sulfamethazine (SM2) are low molecular weight (<1000 Da) compounds, or haptens, that are difficult to develop immunoassays due to their low immunogenicity. In this study, we conjugated the drugs to ovalbumin to increase their immunogenicity for antiserum production in rabbits and developed a protein microarray immunoassay for detection of...

The use of substances having hormonal or thyreostatic action as well as b-agonists is banned in many countries. However, sometimes forbidden drugs may be added to feeds for illegal administration to farm animals for promoting increased muscle development or increased water retention and thus obtain an economical benefit. The result is a fraudulent overweight of meat but, what is worse, residues...

A residue is any substance which is left behind in the tissues of an animal which has been treated with that substance. Drug residues are most commonly the result of the failure of the elimination of the drug from the edible portions of the animal because insufficient time was allowed between the last treatment and slaughter of the animal. Residues found in beef above tolerable levels can occur...

The multidrug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is upregulated in cardiomyocytes following chronic ischemia from infarction and hypoxia caused by sleep apnea. This report summarizes the molecular dynamic studies performed on eight cardiovascular drugs to determine their corresponding binding sites on mouse Pgp. Selected Pgp transport ligands include: Amiodarone, Bepridil, Diltiazem, Dipyridamole...

The National Reference Laboratory of Drug Residues Control has implemented a system "classical" honey safety control based on the parameters antimicrobial drug residues: samples testing by screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and, in case positive or possibly occurring, – retesting confirmatory UPLC-MS/MS multi-method developed laboratory. article presents results ELISA va...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the LOX inhibitory activity, and predict drug likeness properties designed diacyl derivatives phloroglucinol, using in silico method.&#x0D; Methods: were subjected molecular docking AUTODOCK while receptor used built from SWISS MODEL. Drug calculated by online programs i.e. MOLINSPIRATION PreADMET.&#x0D; Results: Molecular revealed that tHGA ...

We have cloned and overexpressed multidrug transporter CaMdr1p as a green fluorescent protein-tagged protein to show its capability to extrude drug substrates. The drug extrusion was sensitive to pH and energy inhibitors and displayed selective substrate specificity. CaMdr1p has a unique and conserved antiporter motif, also called motif C [G(X6)G(X3)GP(X2)GP(X2)G], in its transmembrane segment ...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors comprise an important class of drugs used in HIV treatments. However, mutations of protease genes accelerated by low fidelity of reverse transcriptase yield drug resistant mutants of reduced affinities for the inhibitors. This problem is considered to be a serious barrier against HIV treatment for the foreseeable future. In this st...