This paper discusses the method of formative rules for firstorder term rewriting, which was previously defined for a higher-order setting. Dual to the well-known usable rules, formative rules allow dropping some of the term constraints that need to be solved during a termination proof. Compared to the higher-order definition, the first-order setting allows for significant improvements of the te...

purpose: to compare the effects of short-tem and long-term systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of confirmed ocular toxoplasmosis. methods: this randomized comparative clinical trial was performed on 69 patients with confirmed active ocular toxoplasmosis with typical clinical manifestations. the subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 10 days (group a, 33 cases) or 4-6 weeks (gro...

We consider the problem of minimizing the sum of a strongly convex function and a term comprising the sum of extended real-valued proper closed convex functions. We derive the primal representation of dual-based block descentmethods and establish a relation between primal and dual rates of convergence, allowing to compute the efficiency estimates of different methods. We illustrate the effectiv...

We consider a nonlinear fourth-order diffusion equation that arises in denoising of image densities. We propose an implicit timestepping scheme that employs a primal-dual method for computing the subgradient of the total variation semi-norm. The constraint on the dual variable is relaxed by adding a penalty term, depending on a parameter that determines the weight of the penalisation. The paper...

We study the supersymmetric extension of the gauged O(3) sigma model in 2+1 dimensions and find the supersymmetry algebra. We also discuss soliton solutions in case the Maxwell term is replaced by the Born-Infeld term. We show that by appropriate choice of the potential, the self-dual equations in the Born-Infeld case coincide with those of the Maxwell’s case.

In this paper, we investigate a problem dual to the unification problem, namely theCommon Term (CT) problem for string rewriting systems. Our main motivation was in computing fixed points in systems, such as loop invariants in programming languages. We show that the fixed point problem is reducible to the common term problem. We also prove that the common term problem is undecidable for dwindli...

We consider the augmented Lagrangian dual for integer programming, and provide a primal characterization of the resulting bound. As a corollary, we obtain proof that the augmented Lagrangian is a strong dual for integer programming. We are able to show that the penalty parameter applied to the augmented Lagrangian term may be placed at a fixed, large value and still obtain strong duality for pu...

in a novel dual bed reactor fischer-tropsch synthesis was studied by using two diffrent cobalt catalysts. an alkali-promoted cobalt catalyst was used in the first bed of a fixed-bed reactor followed by a rutenuim promoted cobalt catalyst in the second bed. the activity, product selectivity and accelerated deactivation of the system were assessed and compared with a conventional single bed react...

It is shown that a gauged nonlinear O(3) sigma model with anomalous magnetic moment interaction in 2 + 1 dimensions is exactly integrable for static, self-dual field configurations. The matter fields are exactly equivalent to those of the usual ungauged nonlinear O(3) sigma model. These static soliton solutions can be mapped into an Abelian purely magnetic vortex solutions through a suitable re...