Explicit knowledge is knowledge that the knower can make explicit by means of a verbal statement; implicit knowledge is knowledge that is not explicit. Chomskyan tacit knowledge of rules can be understood as requiring a particular structure in the content-involving explanations of transitions between internal representations. States of tacit knowledge are different from beliefs and states of ex...

Context is a concept used by philosophers and scientists with many different definitions. Since Dummett, we speak of the "context principle" in Frege and Wittgenstein: "An expression has a meaning only in the context of a sentence". The context principle finds an extension in some of Wittgenstein's ideas, especially in his famous passage where he says that " to understand a sentence means to un...

Although Gödel proved the first incompleteness theorem by intuitionistically respectable means, Gödel’s formula, true although undecidable, seems to offer a counter-example to the general constructivist or anti-realist claim that truth may not transcend recognizability in principle. It is argued here that our understanding of the formula consists in a knowledge of its truth-conditions, that it ...

In a famous passage (A68/B93), Kant writes that "the understanding can make no other use of [...] concepts than that of judging by means of them." Kant's thought is often called the thesis of the priority of judgments over concepts. We find a similar sounding priority thesis in Frege: "it is one of the most important differences between my mode of interpretation and the Boolean mode [...] that ...

Mathematical Fuzzy Logic (MFL) started as the study of logics based on left-continuous t-norms,1 most prominently Łukasiewicz logic Ł, Gödel–Dummett logic G, Product logic Π, Hájek logic BL, and the system MTL introduced by Esteva and Godo. In the last years, the scope of MFL has been progressively expanded by considering weaker logical systems characterized by their completeness with respect t...

The behavioral changes of children receiving dental treatment with oral sedation in a clinic was compared with the behavioral changes of children receiving dental treatment with general anesthesia in a hospital. In addition, the emotional response of the mothers of these 2 groups was compared before, during, and after the child’s dental treatment. The children who received dental treatment with...

The assumption that we largely lack reasons for accepting testimony has dominated its epistemology. Given the further assumption that whatever reasons we do have are insufficient to justify our testimonial beliefs, many conclude that any account of testimonial knowledge must allow credulity to be justified. In this paper I argue that both of these assumptions are false. Our responses to testimo...

This paper presents a proof-theoretical approach to the question "What is a logical constant?" This approach starts with the assumption that logic is the science of formal deductions, and that basic formal deductions are structural deductions, i.e. deductions independent of any constant of the language to which the premises and conclusions belong. Logical constants, on which the remaining forma...

In an unconstrained colour naming experiment conducted over the web, 330 participants named 600 colour samples in English. The 30 most frequent monolexemic colour terms were analyzed with regards to frequency, consensus among genders, response times, consistency of use, denotative volume in the Munsell and OSA colour spaces and inter-experimental agreement. Each of these measures served for ran...

Antoine Abcar, MD; Akin Abisogun, MD; Armen Aboulian, MD; Richard Abrohams, MD; Chalapathi Rao Achanta, MD; Jay Agarwal, MD; Sourabh Aggarwal, MD; Vanita Ahuja, MD; Mikel Aickin, PhD; Michael Alberts, MD; Fabio Amorim, MD, PhD; James Annesi, PhD; Diana Antoniskis, MD; Christopher Aquino, MD; Sharisse Arnold Rehring, MD; Stanley Ashley, MD; Andrew Avins, MD; Marthie Baker, MS, MA, RN; Nandini Ba...