Urolithiasis has become a worldwide problem with the prevalence of the disease increasing over the past few decades. While various treatment modalities have evolved over the years, discrepancies exist regarding the clinical indications and the efficacy of each of these treatment options. In the present review, we aim to review the current treatment modalities for urinary tract stones to provide...

Iran is a developing country in which the women despite the growth of rate of education in two recent decades have suffered a vast gender gap in education, during the past one hundred years. The aim of this paper was to present a portrait of educational position of women in Iran, during the past one hundred years and to analyze the obstacles of females in to achieve to equal educational opportu...

___________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Although iron was known and widely used by people for hundreds of years, Grignard reagents also used for about a century, binding together these two concepts still took a long time and surprisingly it did not become a hot topic in chemistry until this decade. This paper is presenting several dev...

methadone is a synthetic opioid used as the standard treatment for narcotics dependence.cyp3a is the major enzyme to metabolize methadone. long qt syndrome and secondary tdp (a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia) to methadone is generally rare, but in the past few years, gained attention of many scientists as a potentially fatal complications caused by methadone. interact  with voltage-depende...

Introduction A characteristic of the immune system is its ability to remember past encounters with a pathogen and to mount an altered—usually enhanced—response to a subsequent encounter with the same pathogen. This ‘immunological memory’ is the basis of vaccination, and is of considerable interest to both immunologists and vaccinologists. During the past few years, many studies have contributed to

Abstract The aim of this volume is to contribute an ongoing discussion on the scope and meaning Russian-Chinese cooperation since 2014, year Russia invaded Ukraine annexed Crimea. During past few years, number research projects Sino-Russian at Western think tanks has markedly increased, complementing a likewise increasing monographs edited volumes that had begun appear related topics during pre...

How species responded to the climatic oscillations during the past few million years is debated. A new study analyzing the genomes of 38 bird species finds variable patterns of population growth and declines that broadly correlate with global environmental change.

urolithiasis has become a worldwide problem with the prevalence of the disease increasing over the past few decades. while various treatment modalities have evolved over the years, discrepancies exist regarding the clinical indications and the efficacy of each of these treatment options. in the present review, we aim to review the current treatment modalities for urinary tract stones to provide...