In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, new evidence shows that l-DOPA, which is used to treat the symptoms of the disease but also causes dyskinesia, results in a persistent activation of the protein kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) in a subset of striatal medium spiny neurons. Moreover, blockade of a specific type of mTOR signaling (mTORC1) prevents the development of dyskinesia, ...

Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, which often appears in middle-aged and older adults early in the course of treatment with low doses of conventional antipsychotics, is 5 to 6 times more prevalent in elderly than in younger patients. In addition to age, other risk factors for tardive dyskinesia include early extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), cumulative amounts of neuroleptics, duration of ne...

OBJECTIVE The authors studied the effects of vitamin E treatment of tardive dyskinesia; earlier studies have produced contradictory results. METHOD Twenty-eight patients with tardive dyskinesia were treated in a double-blind, parallel-group comparison study of 8-12 weeks of treatment with vitamin E (1600 IU/day) or matching placebo capsules. RESULTS The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale s...

The effect of single intravenous doses of metoclopramide (10 mg, 20 mg and 40 mg) have been compared with placebo (saline) in a double blind randomised study in 10 patients with tardive dyskinesia following long term neuroleptic therapy. Tardive dyskinesia rating scores were decreased significantly (P<0.01) 6 hours after administration of metoclopramide 20 mg and 40 mg when compared with placeb...

It has been suggested, based on rodent studies, that levodopa (L-dopa) induced dyskinesia is associated with a disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB). We have investigated BBB integrity with in vivo neuroimaging techniques in six 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) lesioned primates exhibiting L-dopa-induced dyskinesia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed before and after in...

The classification, clinical and electrophysiological characteristics, treatment outcome and pathogenesis of paroxysmal dyskinesia were summarized and analyzed. Paroxysmal dyskinesia was classified into three types. Different types had different incentives in clinical practice. Patients were mostly male adolescents, and the attacks, which were in various forms, manifested as dysmyotonia of chor...

The authors found a 31% incidence of tardive dyskinesia among 261 schizophrenic outpatients treated with neuroleptics. Multiple linear logistic regression analysis revealed a higher incidence of tardive dyskinesia among elderly patients, those with longer records of hospitalization, those for whom neuroleptic medication had little therapeutic effect, and those treated with fluphenazine. Patient...

Aripiprazole is reported to be a good clinical safety profile antipsychotic. However, recent data suggest that the risk of tardive dyskinesia could be higher than initially thought. We report the case of aripiprazole-induced tardive dyskinesia with dramatic evolution in a patient with several risk factors, including older age and exposure to antipsychotic over a period longer than six months. T...

Results: Dyskinesia accounts for approximately 20 percent in all types of cerebral palsy. The primary semiological features of dyskinetic cerebral palsy are voluntary motion disorders with increased involuntary movements which may show various combined symptoms such as torsion spasm, dystonia, chorea, athetosis and so on. Dyskinesia due to hypoxic ischemic brain injury and bilirubin encephalopa...

Using a blind evaluation of cinematographic films of patients suffering from tardive dyskinesia we found that thiopropazate hydrochloride in a dosage up to 30 mg daily was effective in reducing the severity of the dyskinesia in most patients. The overall improvement in the group of patients studied was not significant after one or three months of therapy but was significant after six months of ...