This paper presents promising methodologies for modeling and quantifying nontariff barriers (NTB) to trade in the agricultural and food sectors. We limit the analysis to sanitary, phytosanitary, and technical regulations that can have an impact on trade and to methods that provide some quantitative estimates of the impact of such barriers on market equilibrium, trade flows, economic efficiency,...

Background Healthcare in developing countries faces a number of challenges due to economic constraints, poor infrastructure, a shortage of trained clincial staff, extreme climate and geographical barriers among others. Information and communication technologies are seen as one approach to address these issues and improve inequalities in healthcare facing low and middle income countries. In part...

The term “Globalization” has been widely used in the last fifteen years. It is a controversial term and has been defined in several different ways. Globalization indicates that the world today is more interconnected than before. Globalization in its basic economic sense refers to the adoption of open and unfettered trading markets (through lowering of trade barriers, removal of capital controls...

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to identify the key barriers to a customer-focused drug development process and develop a comprehensive framework to overcome them. METHODS The paper draws on existing literature, both academic and practitioner, across a range of disciplines (innovation management, marketing, organizational behavior, behavioral economics, health economics, industry r...

Most markets are restricted in their spatial size by transportation costs, physical barriers, institutional impediments and differing exchange conventions. Yet, if price differences across those boundaries substantially exceed the cost of surmounting the barriers, tremendous pressure arises to facilitate exchange. So too where electricity markets are defined by operating control areas for relia...

Abstract Introduction Community Conservation Initiatives o Two Regions with Special Partnerships and Selective Strategies o Example 1: West Coast Vancouver Island (WCVI) o Example 2: Lower Fraser River Summary Analysis of Key Barriers to Community Conservation Initiatives and Options for Overcoming Identified Barriers o Category 1 Barriers  Barrier: Government's Desire to Control Data  Option...

A basic result of new economic geography (NEG) models is that the proximity to consumer markets impacts wages and employment within regions. The ongoing process of European integration, being targeted on the reduction of barriers to trade and factor mobility, has presumably changed relative market access in Europe. The present paper aims at providing some evidence on spatial effects of integrat...

Little is known about how the overall employment conditions in a country impact the likelihood of employment of newly arrived refugees. In the current study, we compare employment and determinant of employment of highly educated Middle Eastern refugees to Michigan that arrived before and after the 2007 recession. We also look at self-reported barriers to employment. Results show that the genera...

2 Summary Economists generally argue that the level and structure of a country's own trade barriers, as well as the "quality" of its governance policies, such as regulations on foreign investment or bureaucratic "red tape" on commercial activity, will have a major influence on its economic growth and performance. However, a problem previously encountered in attempts to test these relations empi...

This paper assesses the impacts of China’s internal migration on its economic growth and urban development in the reform era. Reform of the household registration system (hukou system), a remnant of the prior planned economy, plays a vital role in China’s labor mobility and has largely contributed to its economic growth and urbanization. The unfinished hukou system reform and institutional barr...