We present a method for comparing point forecasts in region of interest, such as the tails or centre variable's range. This cannot be hedged, contrast to conditionally selecting events evaluate and then using scoring function that would have been consistent (or proper) prior event selection. Our also gives decompositions functions are mean particular quantile expectile. Each member each decompo...

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expresse...

The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is an important pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the mid-southern United States. It is exclusively controlled with foliar insecticide applications, and sampling methods and thresholds need to be revisited. The current experiment was designed to establish a plant-based threshold during the flowering period of cotton develo...

Although defoliation economic thresholds (ETs) in soybean are well-established, there concerns about Spodoptera spp. and Helicoverpa damaging pods flowers. Moreover, S. eridania is the most common species of its genus feeding on Brazil. On this account, we quantified larvae leaves, flowers BRS388RR BRS1001IPRO cultivars laboratory. In field, trials were conducted testing artificial injuries for...

This study provides minimum economic growth (or GDP growth) critical masses or thresholds that should be exceeded in order for demand-side mobile money factors to favorably drive innovations financial inclusion developing countries. The considered are accounts, the phone used send money, and receive money. empirical evidence is based on tobit regressions. For positive net relationships establis...

Fifty years ago, Stern, Smith, van den Bosch and Hagen outlined a simple but sophisticated idea of pest control predicated on the complementary action of chemical and biological control. This integrated control concept has since been a driving force and conceptual foundation for all integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The four basic elements include thresholds for determining the need fo...