Writing a textbook on philosophy of economics presents some hard challenges. Neither philosophy nor economics is sufficiently defined and circumscribed to make an overview easy. The nature of philosophy is currently quite contested. The naturalism movement exemplified by Quine now competes with a very traditional, conceptual-analysis trend that gives limited place to science (and thus by implic...

• identify and prioritize key issues; • describe the mechanisms for putting pharmacoeconomic and outcomes information and data into the same operational format that decisionmakers use to make formulary decisions; • identify the entities that are conducting/supporting the research, the purpose of the research, and their target audiences for communicating research results; • discuss outlets of co...

Interest in behavioral economics has grown in recent years, stimulated largely by accumulating evidence that the standard model of consumer decision making provides an inadequate, positive description of human behavior. Behavioral models are increasingly finding their way into policy evaluation, which inevitably involves welfare analysis. No consensus concerning the appropriate standards and cr...

transaction cost economics (tce), as a subset of new institutional economics (nie), is the combination of economics, organization and law. noble prize in 2009 was dedicated to oliver williamson who was the most popular face in the economics as tce main contributor. in tce, the main issues on the one hand is how institutions follow characteristics of transactions, on the other hand, the making o...

In their recent analysis of the alleged decay in modern economics, Ben Fine and Dimitris Milonakis claim to find its source and origin in the ‘marginal revolution’ of the 1870s. They argue that this development led to ‘methodological individualism’ and the detachment of economics from society and history. I contest their account of the marginal revolution and of the role of Alfred Marshall amon...

BACKGROUND Besides clinical and radiological examination instrumental functional analyses are performed as diagnostic procedures for craniomandibular dysfunctions. Instrumental functional analyses cause substantial costs and shows a considerable variability between individual dentist practices. OBJECTIVES On the basis of published scientific evidence the validity of the instrumental functiona...

In a nutshell, agent-based models (ABM) are models, i.e. abstract representation of the reality, in which (i) a multitude of objects interact with each other and with the environment, (ii) the objects are autonomous, i.e. there is no central, or “top down” control over their behavior , and (iii) the outcome of their interaction is numerically computed. Since the objects are autonomous, they are...

One of the most effective parameters in economics of open-pit mines is the pit slope angle, so that the slope angle more than the optimum value increases the probability of a large failure in the pit wall and the slope angle less than the optimum value leads to increasing stripping ratio and reducing net present value of mine. Therefore, in this paper, considering the limit equilibrium methods ...

Executive Summary v Glossary of Economic Terms ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background and hypotheses 1 1.2 Objectives and target audience 1 1.3 Definitions and scope 1 1.4 Structure of paper 4 2. Economics and Forestry: a Conceptual Overview 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Forestry, economics and public resource allocation 4 2.3 Recent changes in economic and forest policies 5 2.4 The development of envi...

There is scope for applying experimental economics in transport and logistics analysis. Experimental economics is a set of techniques for gathering (and analysing) data by inducing people (through specific rewards) to act as economic agents and observing the choices they then make in experimental situations. These experiments often involve interactions between the respondents, possibly in a mar...