In this study, two types of El Niño events are classified based on spatial patterns of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly. One is the cold tongue (CT) El Niño, which can be regarded as the conventional El Niño, and the other the warm pool (WP) El Niño. The CT El Niño is characterized by relatively large SST anomalies in the Niño-3 region (58S–58N, 1508–908W), while the WP El Niño is asso...

ABSTARCT: The geographical information system (GIS) has been used successfully in many studies to solve apicultural problems. The winter season is considered as a challenge for honey bee colonies due to the cold weather which cause the forfeiture of many colonies. The good wintering of honey bee colonies depends mainly on the wintering regions and beekeeping practices. To identify the suitable ...

[1] An annually resolved pollen record spanning a 39-year period (1958–1996) from the Sajama Ice Cap, located on the western Bolivian Altiplano, reveals significant interannual variations in both pollen concentration and composition. The pollen assemblages within the annual layers are dominated by typical Altiplano taxa, especially Poaceae and Asteraceae. On an annual basis the pollen concentra...

The knowledge of the natural characteristics of the mosquito breeding habitats is important for implementing effective larval control program. For this, the association of six mosquito species (Culex pipiens, Cx. perexiguus, Cx. pusillus, Ochlerotatus caspius, Anopheles multicolor and Culiseta longiareolata) with the physical characteristics of their breeding habitats was examined in El-Muqatta...

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a coupled ocean and atmospheric phenomenon that has vast implications for weather and climate globally. Responsible for droughts and heavy flooding events, ENSO variability is important to the issue of climate change and its societal impacts. Our ability to understand this climate phenomenon and predict El Niño is crucial to climate prediction on regio...

Q: Should the lmited States give Duarte's g(JIIemment military aid? A: Tht" political history of El Salvador ovt·r tht· last year and a half is tht· struAAJc of the civilian kadcrship 10 gain control over the military. The Salvadoran military has already rt'<.'dVl·d more military assis· tann· than had hc.·t·n given them in twenty years in order to mt"ct the ldtist threat. I hdkvt' this was a co...

This study was conducted during two successive seasons 2003 and 2004 by using twelve peach cultivars whether importedlow chill or originated as strains of local cultivar Meet Ghamr. Studied cultivars were either early-season ones (namely, Robin, Rubidoux, and Spring Time) or mid-season cultivars (namely, Florida Red, Fla 16/33, Fla 3/2, Desert Red, Bemto, and Hagazy) or late-season cultivars (n...

The adjustment of the tropical climate outside the Pacific (the “remote Tropics”) to the abrupt onset of El Niño conditions is examined in a tropical atmosphere model that assumes simplified vertical structure and quasi-equilibrium (QE) convective closure. The El Niño signal is rapidly ( 1 week) communicated to the remote Tropics via an eastward-propagating Kelvin-like wave that induces both an...

The authors show that historical property damage losses from US hurricanes contain climate signals. The methodology is based on a statistical model that combines a specification for the number of loss events with a specification for the amount of loss per event. Separate models are developed for annual and extreme losses. A Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure is used to generate posterior sample...

The monthly summer monsoon rainfall over the Homogeneous Indian Monsoon region (HI) that represents most of the variance of all-India monsoon rainfall is investigated using observational data from 1880 to 2002. Severe droughts in July occur mostly during El Niño events of the boreal summer monsoon season. They occurred frequently in the late 19th to early 20th century, rarely in the middle of t...