Scaled experimentation is an important experimental approach but known to be limited by scale effects, which have the undesirable effect of changing behaviour a system with scale. Such behavioural changes can on occasions so marked as make scaled experiment almost worthless. Until very recently, there has been no universal solution this problem most experiments founded dimensional analysis and ...

The Standard Electromagnetism-like Mechanism (SEM) is one of the swarm-based optimization methods which is examined in this paper. The SEM works based on the charges in electrons and hence its operators have been especially designed for continuous space problems. Although the SEM was successfully applied to the standard optimization problems, it was not that notable when it came to tackling dis...