In this paper, we examine the avalanche characteristics of private-key block ciphers constructed using a DES-like architecture. Avalanche is a desirable cryptographic property that is necessary to ensure that a small diierence between two plaintexts results in a seemingly random diierence between the two corresponding ciphertexts. In order to examine the behaviour of DES-like ciphers in relatio...

Avalanche education has become widely available in the United States, and yet trained recreationists continue to comprise over a third of avalanche victims. Does avalanche education really make a difference? This study investigated the relationship between avalanche education and victim behavior in 344 recreational U.S. accidents, and found that victims with more avalanche training did in fact ...

When transparent solids are irradiated with laser intensities above a certain threshold, strong absorption of laser energy occurs. The increasing absorptivity is caused by the formation of a free electron gas in the conduction band of the dielectric. The temporal evolution of the free-electron density in a dielectric during ultrashort pulse laser irradiation plays a fundamental role for numerou...

A non-Abelian and stochastic self organized criticality model has been proposed in which each avalanche contains one stochastic site and all remaining sites in the avalanche are deterministic. Studies of avalanche structures, waves and size moments showed the shell-like avalanche structures, correlated waves within avalanches and complex size moments. We may assert that the model shows multifra...

Abstract The Picosecond Avalanche Detector is a multi-junction silicon pixel detector based on (NP) drift gain structure, devised to enable charged-particle tracking with high spatial resolution and picosecond time-stamp capability. It uses continuous junction deep inside the sensor volume amplify primary charge produced by ionizing radiation in thin absorption layer. signal then induced second...

A multitude of systems ranging from the Barkhausen effect in ferromagnetic materials to plastic deformation and earthquakes respond to slow external driving by exhibiting intermittent, scale-free avalanche dynamics or crackling noise. The avalanches are power-law distributed in size, and have a typical average shape: these are the two most important signatures of avalanching systems. Here we sh...

Abstract — This paper develops analytical models for the avalanche characteristics of a class of block ciphers usually referred to as substitution-permutation encryption networks or SPNs. An SPN is considered to display good avalanche characteristics if a one bit change in the plaintext input is expected to result in close to half the ciphertext output bits changing. Good avalanche characterist...

A fine analysis of the statistics of dry granular avalanches in a rotating drum setup reveals that, beyond the fluctuations, the angle at which an avalanche ends is correlated experimentally to the angle at which the avalanche starts. This correlation resulting from inertia defines an intermediate "neutral" angle that characterizes the corresponding granular pile. In addition, an intensive stud...