An introduction to the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is given. The motivation for “low-energy” supersymmetry is reviewed, and the structure of the MSSM is outlined. In its most general form, the MSSM can be viewed as a low-energy effective theory parametrized by a set of arbitrary soft-supersymmetry-breaking parameters. A variety of techniques for reducing the parameter freedom o...

We present technical details of the evaluation of the elastic ππ scattering amplitude to two loops in chiral perturbation theory. In particular, we elaborate on the renormalization procedure at the two–loop order and on the evaluation of the relevant Feynman diagrams that can all be expressed in terms of elementary functions. For the sake of clarity, we discuss these matters both in the N–compo...

It is shown, that our contemporary knowledge of geometry is insufficient, because we know only axiomatizable geometries. With such a knowledge of geometry one cannot investigate properly physics of microcosm and structure of elementary particles. One can obtain only a phenomenological systematics of elementary particles, whose construction does not need a discrimination mechanism. The discrimin...

The Standard Model of the theory of elementary particles is based on the U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) symmetry. In the presence of a gravitation field, i. e. in a non-flat space-time manifold, this symmetry is implemented through three special vector bundles. Connections associated with these vector bundles are studied in this paper. In the Standard Model they are interpreted as gauge fields. 1. The U ...

In these lectures I give a short review of the main theoretical ideas underlying the extensions of the Standard Model of elementary particle interactions.

On basis of an algebraic analysis of symmetry breaking in general and the Higgs mechanism in the standard model of elementary particles we generalize the concept of symmetry breaking to systems with non-compact groups but not necessarily caused by a potential. Thereto we give some simple, but unfamiliar examples of symmetry breaking with and without potentials. The analysis of the concept of ma...

In this chapter a double tensor index k implies summation from 1 to 4. There is no classical way to treat the spin and charge variables of elementary particles. ' Therefore we represent matter by a set of complex wave fields p„. The quantities J, and S„& occurring in (1.1) are formed from matrices j„and s„A, . if I =0. Eq. (1.3) takes the form of Dirac's equation for a particle with inherent ma...

The mystery of the cosmological constant is probably the most pressing obstacle to significantly improving the models of elementary particle physics derived from string theory. The problem arises because in the standard framework of low energy physics, there appears to be no natural explanation for vanishing or extreme smallness of the vacuum energy, while on the other hand it is very difficult...

In recent years a new potential symmetry of fundamental particle physics has been investigated — discrete quark-lepton symmetry. When this symmetry is implemented, however, it often leads to either of the unrealistic predictions m u = m e or m d = m e. This paper considers two possible ways models based on m d = m e can be made realistic.

A concise introduction to the Standard Model of fundamental particle interactions is presented. e-mail address: [email protected]