Vancomycin penetration into the fluid lining the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract was studied by performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage on 14 critically ill, ventilated patients who had received the drug for at least 5 days. The apparent volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage was determined by using urea as an endogen...

This paper demonstrates a method of extracting programs from formal deductions represented in the Edinburgh Logical Framework, using the Elf programming language. Deductive systems are given for the extraction of simple types from formulas of rst-order arithmetic and of-calculus terms from natural deduction proofs. These systems are easily encoded in Elf, yielding an implementation of extractio...

The present study was designed to investigate the influence of Extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) on depression related behavior, and mechanism involved therein. Mice were exposed to ELF MF (50Hz, 10G) 8h/day for 7, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Depression was assessed using forced swim test (FST), in which no significant effect was observed on 7 t h, 30t h, 60 t h, 90t h exposure day. ...

Internet-based systems for epidemiological studies have advantages over traditional approaches as they can potentially recruit and monitor a wider range of individuals in a relatively inexpensive fashion. We studied the association between communication strategies used for recruitment (offline, online, face-to-face) and follow-up participation in nine Internet-based cohorts: the Influenzanet ne...

Temperature is an important factor in research on the biological effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF), but interactions between ELF-EMF and temperature remain unknown. The effects of ELF-EMF (50 Hz, 3 mT) on the lifespan, locomotion, heat shock response (HSR), and oxidative stress (OS) of Canton-Special (CS) and mutant w1118 flies were investigated at 25°C and 35°C...

Epidemiologic studies have shown the relation between exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) and childhood leukemia, so assessment of children exposure levels in different environments is considered as a serious precedence. Present study aimed at determining ELF-MFs flux densities near schools in Tehran. Measurements were performed near randomly selected schools in three ...

The prognosis in gastric cancer has been almost unchanged for the last 20 years. At the time of diagnosis the majority of patients have disseminated disease. The 5-year survival is only about 15%. Several efforts with numerous antineoplastic regimens have been studied. The most widely used regimen has been the FAM (5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, mitomycin C) regimen. Because of the cardiotoxicity ...

Observing the shift to English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in national curriculum for education, this study analyzes ELF-related features 2022 curriculum’s learning aims and evaluates their feasibility using text mining. The findings indicate that reflects ELF, example, by viewing medium of communication among diverse speakers whose first language is not English. emphasis on cultivating learners’ ...

Previous empirical studies have demonstrated that speakers of English as a lingua franca (ELF) display flexible use various pragmatic strategies (PSs) to support effective communication. However, date few investigated PSs usage from the perspective individual ELF speakers. Supported by Vygotskian Sociocultural ontogenetic view on pragmatics, this paper offers two qualitative case exploring firs...

The respiratory manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF) are characterized by neutrophil-dominated airway inflammation. Since a variety of inflammatory stimuli are capable of inducing bronchial epithelial cells to express the gene for IL-8, a cytokine that attracts and activates neutrophils, mediators in respiratory epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of CF individuals might induce IL-8 production by e...