In this paper we present a review of state-of-the-art techniques for automated creation and evolution of software. The focus is on bio-inspired bottom-up approaches, in which complexity is grown from interactions among simpler units. First, we review Evolutionary Computation (EC) techniques, highlighting their potential application to the automated optimization of computer programs in an online...

A finely dispersed cell suspension was obtained from embryogenic calli of two genotypes of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Mil cereal). Protoplasts isolated from both cell suspensions divided and produced globular embryoids and calli. On an agar medium, the embryoids were induced to form albino shoots or albino plantlet- like structures

Vernon, D.M., and Meinke, D.W. (1994). Embryogenic transformation of the suspensor in twin, a polyembryonic mutant of Arabidopsis. Dev. Biol. 165, 566-573. 379-392. Vroemen, C.W., Langeveld, S., Ripper, G., Mayer, U., van Kammen, A., Jürgens, G., and de Vries, S.C. (1 996). Pattern formation in the Arabidopsis embryo revealed by position-specific lipid transfer protein gene expression. Plant Ce...

Quantitative and qualitative levels of DNA methylation were evaluated in leaves and callus of Pennisetum purpureum Schum. The level of methylation did not change during leaf differentiation or aging and similar levels of methylation were found in embryogenic and nonembryogenic callus.

BACKGROUND The plant cell walls play an important role in somatic embryogenesis and plant development. Pectins are major chemical components of primary cell walls while homogalacturonan (HG) is the most abundant pectin polysaccharide. Developmental regulation of HG methyl-esterification degree is important for cell adhesion, division and expansion, and in general for proper organ and plant deve...

Intracranial lipomas are rare congenital lesions that occur because of abnormal differentiation of embryogenic meninges. These lipomas are usually seen incidentally on brain imaging, and are usually asymptomatic and do not require treatment. The authors present a case of ruptured intracranial lipoma, discovered in an elderly patient presenting with dizziness and episodes of falls.

Different experimental conditions have been compared to achieve a high efficiency in embryogenic calli initiation from 'Macabeo' and 'Tempranillo' anthers. Specifically, two stages of anther development were tested (corresponding to tetrad cells or uninucleate pollen), and direct culture of anthers was compared to culture after a cold treatment of inflorescences (4 °C during 48 h). In addition,...

Common bean is the most important grain legume in the human diet. Bean improvement efforts have been focused on classical breeding techniques because bean is recalcitrant to both somatic embryogenesis and in vitro regeneration. This study was undertaken to better understand the process of somatic embryogenesis in the common bean. We focused on the mechanisms by which somatic embryogenesis in pl...