Using 100-micron thick Vibratome sections and a modification of the peroxidase--antiperoxidase method of immunocytochemical staining we achieve a Golgi-like image of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) cells and fibers in mouse brain. Five LHRH pathways are described: 1) A dense projection of fibers from LHRH cells in the medial preoptic and septal areas to the wall of the third ventri...

In the ever-changing physiological context of the neuroendocrine brain, the mechanisms by which cellular events involving neurons, astroglia, and vascular cells are coordinated to bring forth the appropriate neuronal signaling is not yet known but is amenable to examination. In the median eminence of the hypothalamus, endothelial cells are key players in the plasticity of tanycytes (specialized...

Recurrent exposure of the developing fetus to cocaine produces persistent alterations in structure and function of the cerebral cortex. Neurons of the cerebral cortex are derived from two sources: projection neurons from the neuroepithelium of the dorsal pallium and interneurons from the ganglionic eminence of the basal telencephalon. The interneurons are GABAergic and reach the cerebral cortex...

Objectives: Extreme tensile force to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) can cause an avulsion of the tibial eminence which may lead to malunion or nonunion resulting in pain, flexion deformity, and instability of the knee. Since the injury is generally regarded as something equivalent to the ACL injury, the treatment requires anatomic reduction of the fragment and preservation of the stabilit...

Interneurons originating from the ganglionic eminence migrate tangentially into the developing cerebral wall as they navigate to their distinct positions in the cerebral cortex. Compromised connectivity and differentiation of interneurons are thought to be an underlying cause in the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. Previously, it was suggested that tangential mig...

Distinct subtypes of cortical GABAergic interneurons provide inhibitory signals that are indispensable for neural network function. The Dlx homeobox genes have a central role in regulating their development and function. We have characterized the activity of three cis-regulatory sequences involved in forebrain expression of vertebrate Dlx genes: upstream regulatory element 2 (URE2), I12b, and I...

PURPOSE We report an easy-to-use 4-portal technique for arthroscopic treatment of intercondylar eminence fractures and compare results of 2 groups of cases, adolescents and adults, and 2 types of internal fixation, sutures and screws. TYPE OF STUDY Surgical technique and retrospective study. METHODS The study was carried on 2 groups of patients, adolescents and adults, with intercondylar em...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the MRI signal intensity of retrodiskal tissue e and its relationship to articular eminence morphology, joint effusion status and disk displacement in symptomatic patients. Image archive from patients referred to MRI evaluation was assessed, totalizing 48 TMJ. The signal intensity of retrodiskal tissue was determined by using sagittal images and a ROI of 0....

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique that uses blood oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals to elucidate discrete areas of neuronal activity. Despite the significant number of fMRI human brain studies, few researchers have applied fMRI technology to investigating neuronal activity within the human spinal cord. Our study goals were to demonstrate that fMRI could reveal the ...

It is not clear to what extent restricted cell migration contributes to patterning of the developing telencephalon, since both restricted and widespread cell migration have been observed. Here, we have analysed dorso-ventral cell migration in the telencephalon of Pax6 mutant mice (Small Eye). The transcription factor Pax6 is expressed in the dorsal telencephalon, the cerebral cortex. Focal inje...