A 26-year-old female presented with progressive cough and breathlessness for 4 months. At her initial visit she was 6 weeks’ pregnant and reported that she could only climb 10 steps before becoming short of breath. Her past medical history was significant for a miscarriage the previous year, and her only medication was a prenatal vitamin. She was a registered nurse and had no history of smoking...

To visually convey the lack of influence of population size in figure 1, the size of the circles representing individual countries was varied according to an arbitrarily chosen factor, as directly proportional graphical representation would have resulted in gross visual distortion. Examples for the correlation between GDP and TB are shown in figure 1 for India, China and the UK. The regression ...

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is an outpatient minimally invasive procedure which is increasingly used, over the last decade, as a technique to visualise and sample structures within and adjacent to the airways and the mediastinum. It is an evolving technique with many applications and is most widely used in staging and diagnosis of lung cancer and...

Real-time elastography performed during endoscopic ultrasonography is a relatively new method for characterizing tissue stiffness, and has been used successfully as a predictor of malignancy in mediastinal lymph nodes. This case report describes our practical experience with this technique using an ultrasound bronchoscope to examine mediastinal lymph nodes. We present a case of sectorial endobr...

As lung cancer screening programs develop globally, concern for increasing downstream investigations and cost remain. Flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography computed (FDG-PET-CT) is routinely conducted pre-operative staging, however its utility in screen detected unclear. PET-CT increases the wait time from tissue diagnosis to surgery as well adds cost. We hypothesize early-stage (cT1a)...

An 80-year-old man presented with a right side lung tumor. The tumor was not abutting the bronchus or chest wall; thus, endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and CT-guided biopsy were considered to be technically difficult. We therefore attempted endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). Although the nodule was not abutting the esophagus on CT, an irregularly shaped hypoechoic le...

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Endobronchial tumors are rare in children and often misdiagnosed as benign conditions resulting in delayed definitive treatment. The authors reviewed their experience to highlight pertinent aspects of diagnosis and treatment. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted of children with endobronchial tumors diagnosed between 1980 and 2002. RESULTS Nine patients had ...

Imaging studies, such as high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facilitate the evaluation of mediastinal masses. However, the definite characterization of such masses can be ascertained only after tissue sampling is obtained and analyzed. Some mediastinal masses, like bronchogenic cysts, can be misdiagnosed as solid masses or lymphadenopathy in imagi...