Evidence are now given that immune cells expressed endocrine markers like neuropeptides, biogenic amine, neuropeptide processing enzymes, regulated secretion pathway. In clear, immune cells expressed like the nervous system an endocrine phenotype. This give the following question: what can we now consider as immune or endocrine?

INTRODUCTION Endocrine disruptors or environmental agents, disrupt the endocrine system, leading to various adverse effects in humans and animals. Although the phenomenon has been noted historically in the cases of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), the term "endocrine disruptor" is relatively new. Endocrine disruptors can have a variety of hormonal activities s...

Car- diovascular abnormalities associated with endocrine diseases are often frequent and due to complex relationships between endocrine glands (with internal secretion) and cardiovascular system (heart and vessels). Certain hormones secreted by the endocrine glands (particularly the thyroid and pituitary gland) excesses or deficiencies, are involved in morphogenesis, growth processes and activi...

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can mimic natural hormone to interact with receptors in the endocrine system and thus disrupt the functions of the endocrine system, raising concerns on the public health. In addition to disruption of the endocrine system, some EDCs have been found associated with many diseases such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, infertility, asthma, stroke, Alzheimer's...

SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spread worldwide and resulted in an unprecedented pandemic. Considering the novelty of this disease, its potential effects on endocrine system remain elusive. This virus is known to utilize extracellular domain angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) transmembrane protein TMPRSS2. Broad expression ACE-2 TMPRSS2 a cause extrapulmonary manifestations SARSCoV- 2, including ones. The...